The Total Costs of Seismic Retrofits: State of the Art.

This article presents the current state-of-practice with respect to quantifying the total cost to retrofit an existing building. In particular, we combine quantitative, qualitative, and heuristic data to provide a taxonomy for understanding the direct and indirect costs associated with seismic risk mitigation. Much of the literature to date has focused on estimating retrofit costs, the costs of retrofitting the structural elements of a building.

A Predictive Modeling Approach to Estimating Seismic Retrofit Costs.

This paper presents a methodology for estimating seismic retrofit costs from historical data. In particular, historical retrofit cost data from FEMA 156 is used to build a generalized linear model (GLM) to predict retrofit costs as a function of building characteristics. While not as accurate as an engineering professional's estimate, this methodology is easy to apply to generate quick estimates and is especially useful for decision makers with large building portfolios.

Social and Economic Components of Resilient Multi-Hazard Building Design.

In 2017, U.S. damages from natural hazard events exceeded $300B, suggesting that current targets for building performance do not sufficiently mitigate loss.

Increasing Community Resilience Through Improved Lifeline Infrastructure Performance.

The concept of community resilience is complex and multidimensional, relying on engineering and other disciplines to help communities break the cycle of destruction and recovery and reduce the impacts of earthquakes and other hazards. This article presents proposed prioritized actions to improve lifeline infrastructure resilience based on an assessment of lifeline infrastructure performance commissioned and funded by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).