The 24-kDa subunit of mitochondrial complex I regulates growth, microsclerotia development, stress tolerance, and virulence in Verticillium dahliae.

Background: The complete mitochondrial respiratory chain is a precondition for maintaining cellular energy supply, development, and metabolic balance. Due to the evolutionary differentiation of complexes and the semi-autonomy of mitochondria, respiratory chain subunits have become critical targets for crop improvement and fungal control. In fungi, mitochondrial complex I mediates growth and metabolism.

The acyl-CoA-binding protein VdAcb1 is essential for carbon starvation response and contributes to virulence in .

Unlabelled: In the face of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus starvation, microorganisms have evolved adaptive mechanisms to maintain growth. In a previous study, we identified a protein predicted to contain acyl-CoA-binding domains in the plant pathogenic fungus . The predicted protein, designated VdAcb1, possesses an atypical signal peptide.

Dual transcriptional characterization of spinach and Peronospora effusa during resistant and susceptible race-cultivar interactions.

Background: Spinach downy mildew, caused by the obligate oomycete pathogen, Peronospora effusa remains a major concern for spinach production. Disease control is predominantly based on development of resistant spinach cultivars. However, new races and novel isolates of the pathogen continue to emerge and overcome cultivar resistance.

Functional analysis of the mating type genes in Verticillium dahliae.

Background: Populations of the plant pathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae display a complex and rich genetic diversity, yet the existence of sexual reproduction in the fungus remains contested. As pivotal genes, MAT genes play a crucial role in regulating cell differentiation, morphological development, and mating of compatible cells. However, the functions of the two mating type genes in V.

() Mediates f. sp. Race 1 Avirulence on -Resistant Strawberry Cultivars.

f. sp. () race 1 is avirulent on cultivars with the dominant resistance gene , while race 2 is virulent on -resistant cultivars.

Distribution of Three Races in Coastal California and Evaluation of Resistance in Lettuce.

Verticillium wilt, caused by , is one of the most devastating soilborne diseases of lettuce ( L.). There are three races of , and each race has been characterized by markers representing race-specific effectors.

Kss1 of Verticillium dahliae regulates virulence, microsclerotia formation, and nitrogen metabolism.

Verticillium dahliae causes destructive vascular wilt diseases on more than 200 plant species, including economically important crops and ornamental trees worldwide. The melanized microsclerotia (MS) enable V. dahliae to survive for years in soil, thus the fungus is especially difficult to control once it has become established.

Transmission of Spinach Downy Mildew via Seed and Infested Leaf Debris.

Spinach downy mildew, caused by the obligate oomycete pathogen , is a worldwide constraint on spinach production. The role of airborne sporangia in the disease cycle of is well established, but the role of the sexual oospores in the epidemiology of is less clear and has been a major challenge to examine experimentally. To evaluate seed transmission of spinach downy mildew via oospores in this study, isolated glass chambers were employed in two independent experiments to grow out oospore-infested spinach seed and noninfested seeds mixed with oospore-infested crop debris.

Genome-wide identification and analysis of a cotton secretome reveals its role in resistance against Verticillium dahliae.

Background: The extracellular space between the cell wall and plasma membrane is a battlefield in plant-pathogen interactions. Within this space, the pathogen employs its secretome to attack the host in a variety of ways, including immunity manipulation. However, the role of the plant secretome is rarely studied for its role in disease resistance.

The Small Cysteine-Rich Protein VdSCP23 Manipulates Host Immunity.

Verticillium wilt caused by is a notorious soil-borne fungal disease and seriously threatens the yield of economic crops worldwide. During host infection, secretes many effectors that manipulate host immunity, among which small cysteine-rich proteins (SCPs) play an important role. However, the exact roles of many SCPs from are unknown and varied.

Thioredoxin VdTrx1, an unconventional secreted protein, is a virulence factor in .

Understanding how plant pathogenic fungi adapt to their hosts is of critical importance to securing optimal crop productivity. In response to pathogenic attack, plants produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as part of a multipronged defense response. Pathogens, in turn, have evolved ROS scavenging mechanisms to undermine host defense.

VdTps2 Modulates Plant Colonization and Symptom Development in .

The trehalose biosynthesis pathway is a potential target for antifungal drugs development. Trehalose phosphate synthase (TPS) and phosphatase are widely conserved components of trehalose biosynthesis in fungi. However, the role of trehalose biosynthesis in the vascular plant-pathogenic fungus remains unclear.

Effector VdCE11 Contributes to Virulence by Promoting Accumulation and Activity of the Aspartic Protease GhAP1 from Cotton.

Verticillium dahliae is a soilborne plant fungal pathogen that causes wilt, a disease that reduces the yields of many economically important crops. Despite its worldwide distribution and harmful impacts, much remains unknown regarding how the numerous effectors of V. dahliae modulate plant immunity.

GhWRKY41 forms a positive feedback regulation loop and increases cotton defence response against Verticillium dahliae by regulating phenylpropanoid metabolism.

Despite the established significance of WRKY proteins and phenylpropanoid metabolism in plant immunity, how WRKY proteins modulate aspects of the phenylpropanoid pathway remains undetermined. To understand better the role of WRKY proteins in plant defence, we identified a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) protein, GhWRKY41, that is, universally and rapidly induced in three disease-resistant cotton cultivars following inoculation with the plant pathogenic fungus, Verticillium dahliae. We show that overexpression of GhWRKY41 in transgenic cotton and Arabidopsis enhances resistance to V.

Genome Resource for the Verticillium Wilt Resistant Cultivar Zhongzhimian No. 2.

Verticillium wilt, caused by the fungal pathogen , is the major cause of disease-related yield losses in cotton (). Despite these losses, the major cultivars of remain highly susceptible to Verticillium wilt. The lack of understanding on the genetic basis for Verticillium wilt resistance may further hinder progress in deploying elite cultivars with proven resistance, such as the wilt resistant cultivar Zhongzhimian No.

A polyketide synthase from Verticillium dahliae modulates melanin biosynthesis and hyphal growth to promote virulence.

Background: During the disease cycle, plant pathogenic fungi exhibit a morphological transition between hyphal growth (the phase of active infection) and the production of long-term survival structures that remain dormant during "overwintering." Verticillium dahliae is a major plant pathogen that produces heavily melanized microsclerotia (MS) that survive in the soil for 14 or more years. These MS are multicellular structures produced during the necrotrophic phase of the disease cycle.

The secretome of Verticillium dahliae in collusion with plant defence responses modulates Verticillium wilt symptoms.

Verticillium dahliae is a notorious soil-borne pathogen that enters hosts through the roots and proliferates in the plant water-conducting elements to cause Verticillium wilt. Historically, Verticillium wilt symptoms have been explained by vascular occlusion, due to the accumulation of mycelia and plant biomacromolecule aggregation, and also by phytotoxicity caused by pathogen-secreted toxins. Beyond the direct cytotoxicity of some members of the secretome, this review systematically discusses the roles of the V.

The bZip Transcription Factor VdMRTF1 is a Negative Regulator of Melanin Biosynthesis and Virulence in Verticillium dahliae.

The ascomycete fungus Verticillium dahliae infects over 400 plant species and causes serious losses of economically important crops, such as cotton and tomato, and also of woody plants, such as smoke tree, maple, and olive. Melanized long-term survival structures known as microsclerotia play crucial roles in the disease cycle of V. dahliae, enabling this soilborne fungus to survive for years in the soil in the absence of a host.

A secreted ribonuclease effector from Verticillium dahliae localizes in the plant nucleus to modulate host immunity.

The arms race between fungal pathogens and plant hosts involves recognition of fungal effectors to induce host immunity. Although various fungal effectors have been identified, the effector functions of ribonucleases are largely unknown. Herein, we identified a ribonuclease secreted by Verticillium dahliae (VdRTX1) that translocates into the plant nucleus to modulate immunity.

The Spt-Ada-Gcn5 Acetyltransferase Complex Subunit Ada1 Is Essential for Conidia and Microsclerotia Production and Contributes to Virulence.

is a destructive soil-borne pathogen of many economically important dicots. The genetics of pathogenesis in has been extensively studied. Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase complex (SAGA) is an ATP-independent multifunctional chromatin remodeling complex that contributes to diverse transcriptional regulatory functions.

Early Detection of the Spinach Downy Mildew Pathogen in Leaves by Recombinase Polymerase Amplification.

Downy mildew of spinach, caused by , is a major economic threat to both organic and conventional spinach production. Symptomatic spinach leaves are unmarketable and spinach with latent infections are problematic because symptoms can develop postharvest. Therefore, early detection methods for could help producers identify infection before visible symptoms appear.

Ancestral Chromosomes for Family Peronosporaceae Inferred from a Telomere-to-Telomere Genome Assembly of .

Downy mildew disease of spinach, caused by the oomycete , causes major losses to spinach production. In this study, the 17 chromosomes of were assembled telomere-to-telomere, using Pacific Biosciences high-fidelity reads. Of these, 16 chromosomes are complete and gapless; chromosome 15 contains one gap bridging the nucleolus organizer region.

Verticillium dahliae CFEM proteins manipulate host immunity and differentially contribute to virulence.

Background: Verticillium dahliae is a fungal pathogen that causes a vascular wilt on many economically important crops. Common fungal extracellular membrane (CFEM) domain proteins including secreted types have been implicated in virulence, but their roles in this pathogen are still unknown.

Results: Nine secreted small cysteine-rich proteins (VdSCPs) with CFEM domains were identified by bioinformatic analyses and their differential suppression of host immune responses were evaluated.