Flicker adaptation improves acuity for briefly presented stimuli by reducing crowding.

Adaptation to flickering/dynamic noise improves visual acuity for briefly presented stimuli (Arnold et al., 2016). Here, we investigate whether such adaptation operates directly on our ability to see detail or by changing fixational eye movements and pupil size or by reducing visual crowding.

Feasibility of a new 'balanced binocular viewing' treatment for unilateral amblyopia in children aged 3-8 years (BALANCE): results of a phase 2a randomised controlled feasibility trial.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the safety of dichoptic balanced binocular viewing (BBV) for amblyopia in children, plus feasibility, adherence, acceptability, trial methodology and clinical measures of visual function.

Design: We carried out an observer-masked parallel-group phase 2a feasibility randomised controlled trial.

Setting: Two study sites, a secondary/tertiary and a community site.

(The limits of) eye-tracking with iPads.

Applications for eye-tracking-particularly in the clinic-are limited by a reliance on dedicated hardware. Here we compare eye-tracking implemented on an Apple iPad Pro 11" (third generation)-using the device's infrared head-tracking and front-facing camera-with a Tobii 4c infrared eye-tracker. We estimated gaze location using both systems while 28 observers performed a variety of tasks.

Ageing changes in retinal outer nuclear layer thickness and cone photoreceptor density using adaptive optics-free imaging.

Purpose: To investigate age-related changes of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness and cone density, and their associations in healthy participants using a modified, narrow scan-angle Heidelberg Retina Angiograph (HRA2).

Methods: Retinal cones were imaged outside the fovea at 8.8° eccentricity and cone density was compared to ONL thickness measurements obtained by Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) at the same locations.

Vision Bus Aotearoa: a platform for strengthening eye health teaching, research and community partnership.

Clinical Relevance: Vision Bus Aotearoa is a fully equipped mobile eye health clinic designed to provide a novel platform for undergraduate optometry clinical training, community eye health research and deliver services to underserved communities.

Background: Aotearoa New Zealand has inequitable access to eye health care. Vision Bus Aotearoa aims to work in partnership with communities to provide comprehensive mobile primary eye health care services while training optometry students, and integrating community eye health research.

Objective estimation of fusional reserves using infrared eye tracking: the digital fusion-range test.

Clinical Relevance: Horizontal fusional reserves are used in the diagnosis and monitoring of common vergence disorders, such as convergence insufficiency, which can cause asthenopia and impact near work. Infrared eyetracking technology shows promise for obtaining automated and objective measurements of fusional reserves, expanding options for screening, clinical testing, and at-home monitoring/vision training.

Background: Current clinical tests for fusional reserves rely on subjective judgements made by patients (for diplopia) and clinicians (for eye movements).

Motion adaptation improves acuity (but perceived size doesn't matter).

Recognition acuity-the minimum size of a high-contrast object that allows us to recognize it-is limited by optical and neural elements of the eye and by processing within the visual cortex. The perceived size of objects can be changed by motion-adaptation. Viewing receding or looming motion makes subsequently viewed stimuli appear to grow or shrink, respectively.

Internal noise measures in coarse and fine motion direction discrimination tasks and the correlation with autism traits.

Motion perception is essential for visual guidance of behavior and is known to be limited by both internal additive noise (i.e., a constant level of random fluctuations in neural activity independent of the stimulus) and motion pooling (global integration of local motion signals across space).

Geographic access to eye health services in Aotearoa New Zealand: which communities are being left behind?

Clinical Relevance: Efforts to provide accessible eye care must consider the extent to which travel-distance may be a barrier for some communities.

Background: This study aimed to determine the distribution of - and geographic access to - eye health services in Aotearoa New Zealand. We further sought to identify communities who might benefit from provision of eye health services that were more geographically accessible.

Phase 2a randomised controlled feasibility trial of a new 'balanced binocular viewing' treatment for unilateral amblyopia in children age 3-8 years: trial protocol.

Introduction: Treatments for amblyopia, the most common vision deficit in children, often have suboptimal results. Occlusion/atropine blurring are fraught with poor adherence, regression and recurrence. These interventions target only the amblyopic eye, failing to address imbalances of cortical input from the two eyes ('suppression').

Integration of visual motion and orientation signals in dyslexic children: an equivalent noise approach.

Dyslexic individuals have been reported to have reduced global motion sensitivity, which could be attributed to various causes including atypical magnocellular or dorsal stream function, impaired spatial integration, increased internal noise and/or reduced external noise exclusion. Here, we applied an equivalent noise experimental paradigm alongside a traditional motion-coherence task to determine what limits global motion processing in dyslexia. We also presented static analogues of the motion tasks (orientation tasks) to investigate whether perceptual differences in dyslexia were restricted to motion processing.

Diagnosis of colour vision deficits using eye movements.

We set out to develop a simple objective test of functional colour vision based on eye movements made in response to moving patterns. We exploit the finding that while the motion of a colour-defined stimulus can be cancelled by adding a low-contrast luminance-defined stimulus moving in the opposite direction, the "equivalent luminance contrast" required for such cancellation is reduced when colour vision is abnormal. We used a consumer-grade infrared eye-tracker to measure eye movements made in response to coloured patterns drifting at different speeds.

The Effect of Induced Intraocular Stray Light on Recognition Thresholds for Pseudo-High-Pass Filtered Letters.

Purpose: The Moorfields Acuity Chart (MAC)-comprising pseudo-high-pass filtered "vanishing optotype" (VO) letters-is more sensitive to functional visual loss in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) compared to conventional letter charts. It is currently unknown the degree to which MAC acuity is affected by optical factors such as cataract. This is important to know when determining whether an individual's vision loss owes more to neural or optical factors.

Balanced, Orientation-Dependent Dichoptic Masking in Cortex of Visually Normal Humans Measured Using Electroencephalography (EEG).

In the human visual system, cerebral cortex combines left- and right-eye retinal inputs, enabling single, comfortable binocular vision. In visual cortex, the signals from each eye inhibit one another (interocular suppression). While this mechanism may be disrupted by e.

Retinal Implantation of Electronic Vision Prostheses to Treat Retinitis Pigmentosa: A Systematic Review.

Purpose: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a hereditary disease causing photoreceptor degeneration and permanent vision loss. Retinal implantation of a stimulating electrode array is a new treatment for RP, but quantification of its efficacy is the subject of ongoing work. This review evaluates vision-related outcomes resulting from retinal implantation in participants with RP.

The effect of cellphone position on driving and gaze behaviour.

Legislation frequently restricts the use of cellphones while driving. Despite this, many people continue to interact with cellphones covertly while driving, typically by concealing their device in their lap. This strategy leads to frequent diversion of the drivers' gaze from the road ahead, potentially reducing their driving performance.

The effect of refractive error on optokinetic nystagmus.

Subjective refraction is the gold-standard for prescribing refractive correction, but its accuracy is limited by patient's subjective judgment about their clarity of vision. We asked if an involuntary eye movement, optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), could serve as an objective measure of visual-clarity, specifically measuring the dependence of OKN-elicited by drifting spatial-frequency filtered noise-on mean spherical equivalent (MSE) refractive error. In Experiment 1 we quantified OKN score-a measure of consistency with stimulus-direction-for participants with different MSEs.

The Effect of Simulated Visual Field Loss on Optokinetic Nystagmus.

Purpose: Assessment of functional vision across the visual field is hampered by a reliance on patients' subjective judgement of the presence of a stimulus, and the accompanying demands (time and attention) this places on them. As a first step toward determining whether an objective measure of an involuntary eye movement (optokinetic nystagmus [OKN]) could provide an objective measure of field loss, we determined how various measures of OKN depend on the extent of simulated visual field loss (SVFL).

Methods: We used infrared eye-tracking to measure the eye movements of 16 healthy participants viewing horizontally translating 2-dimensional noise patterns over trials of varying contrasts and different levels of SVFL.

Evaluation of vision screening of 5-15-year-old children in three Tongan schools: comparison of The Auckland Optotypes and Lea symbols.

Background: Comprehensive vision screening programmes for children are an important part of public health strategy, but do not exist in many countries, including Tonga. This project set out to assess: (1) the functional vision of children attending primary schools in Tonga and (2) how a new recognition acuity test (The Auckland Optotypes displayed on a tablet computer) compares to use of a standardised eye chart in this setting.

Methods: Children from three Tongan primary schools were invited to participate.

Corrigendum: Visual surround suppression in schizophrenia.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.

Correction: Reduced Crowding and Poor Contour Detection in Schizophrenia Are Consistent with Weak Surround Inhibition.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Correction: Local and Global Limits on Visual Processing in Schizophrenia.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Impact of Children's Postural Variation on Viewing Distance and Estimated Visual Acuity.

Purpose: Reliable estimation of visual acuity requires that observers maintain a constant distance from the target, but use of chin rests is not always feasible. Our aim was to quantify children's movement during community testing and its impact on near (40 cm) and intermediate (150 cm) acuity measures.

Methods: Thirty-three 7-year-old children performed several acuity tests run on a tablet computer, administered in the child's home by a trained lay screener.