Hypoglycemic effects of tramadol analgesia in hospitalized patients: a case-control study.

Background: In outpatient populations, hypoglycemia has been associated with tramadol. We sought to determine the magnitude of risk for hypoglycemia associated with tramadol use in hospitalized patients.

Methods: During a 2-year period of observation, adult inpatients who received ≥1 dose of tramadol were identified and their medical records were reviewed.

Valproic acid-carbapenem interaction: report of six cases and a review of the literature.

Aim: To evaluate the drug interactions between valproic acid (VPA) and carbapenem antibiotics.

Methods: The effects of concurrent use of VPA and carbapenem antibiotics were evaluated in a retrospective observational study of hospitalized adults. Patients receiving both VPA and a carbapenem with at least two plasma VPA concentrations serially measured prior to, during, and/or after this combined treatment were included.