Differential expression of H19, BC1, MIAT1, and MALAT1 long non-coding RNAs within key brain reward regions after repeated morphine treatment.

Morphine-induced analgesic tolerance and dependence are significant limits of pain control; however, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying morphine tolerance and dependence have remained unclear. The role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in morphine tolerance and dependence is yet to be determined. We aimed to explore the association of specific lncRNAs expression in key brain reward regions after repeated injection of morphine.

Superior Frontal Gyrus Locus DNA Methylation in Alzheimer's Disease.

Background: The ɛ4 allele is the strongest known genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). The neighboring gene has also been implicated in AD due to its close proximity to .

Objective: Here we tested whether methylation of the locus may influence ApoE protein levels and AD pathology.

Epigenetic Regulation of BMAL1 with Sleep Disturbances and Alzheimer's Disease.

Background: An early symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disturbance of the circadian rhythm that is associated with disrupted sleep/wake cycles.

Objective: To investigate if BMAL1, a key gene that drives the circadian cycle, is epigenetically regulated in brains in relation to longitudinal changes in cognition, sleep quality, and AD neuropathology.

Methods: Frontal cortex tissues were acquired from the Manchester Brain Bank (N = 96).

Regulation of interleukin 6 by a polymorphic CpG within the frontal cortex in Alzheimer's disease.

The cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) has been linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This is the first study to investigate the genetic and epigenetic interactions in the control of IL-6 in human brain and its relation to AD neuropathology in prefrontal cortex tissues from AD and controls genotyped for the SNP -174 C/G rs1800795, a polymorphic CpG in which the G allele creates a CpG site. Within CC homozygotes there were significantly higher brain levels of IL-6 protein compared to G allele carriers.

Molecular mechanisms underlying actions of certain long noncoding RNAs in Alzheimer's disease.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of non-protein coding RNAs that have more than 200 nucleotides. LncRNAs play an important role in the regulation of protein-coding genes at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. They are found in most organs, with a high prevalence in the central nervous system.

A history of opioid exposure in females increases the risk of metabolic disorders in their future male offspring.

Worldwide consumption of opioids remains at historic levels. Preclinical studies report intergenerational effects on the endogenous opioid system of future progeny following preconception morphine exposure. Given the role of endogenous opioids in energy homeostasis, such effects could impact metabolism in the next generation.

A meta-analysis of peripheral tocopherol levels in age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease.

Findings from observational studies and clinical trials on the associations between vitamin E and dementia remain controversial. Here we conducted a meta-analysis to determine the difference in blood tocopherols levels between patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or age-related poor cognitive function and healthy controls. Standardised mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and entered into a random effects model.

Dysregulation of BDNF in Prefrontal Cortex in Alzheimer's Disease.

Background: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is essential for neurogenesis and has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, few studies have investigated together the epigenetic, transcriptional, and translational regulation of this peptide in the brain in relation to AD.

Objective: To investigate mechanisms underlying how BDNF is possibly dysregulated in the brain in relation to aging and AD neuropathology.

Maternal social environment affects offspring cognition through behavioural and immune pathways in rats.

The social environment of lactation is a key etiological factor for the occurrence of postpartum disorders affecting women and their children. Postpartum depression and anxiety disorders are highly prevalent in new mothers and negatively affect offspring's cognitive development through mechanisms which are still unclear. Here, using a rat model, we manipulated the maternal social environment during lactation and explored the pathways through which social isolation (vs.

Neuroinflammation in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis.

Background: Increasingly, evidence from brain imaging supports the role of neuroinflammation in dementia progression. Yet, it is not clear if there are patterns of spatial and temporal susceptibility to neuroinflammatory processes in the brain that may correspond to dementia staging or symptom expression.

Methods: We searched literature databases for case-control studies examining levels of translocator protein (TSPO) levels using positron emission tomography, representing neuroinflammation, in regional analyses between healthy controls and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects.

An anti-inflammatory diet as a potential intervention for depressive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background & Aims: There is a large body of evidence which supports the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of mental health disorders, including depression. Dietary patterns have been shown to modulate the inflammatory state, thus highlighting their potential as a therapeutic tool in disorders with an inflammatory basis. Here we conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of current literature addressing whether there is a link between the inflammatory potential of a diet and risk of depression or depressive symptoms.

Sex Comparison of Knee Extensor Size, Strength, and Fatigue Adaptation to Sprint Interval Training.

Bagley, L, Al-Shanti, N, Bradburn, S, Baig, O, Slevin, M, and McPhee, JS. Sex comparison of knee extensor size, strength, and fatigue adaptation to sprint interval training. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 64-71, 2021-Regular sprint interval training (SIT) improves whole-body aerobic capacity and muscle oxidative potential, but very little is known about knee extensor anabolic or fatigue resistance adaptations, or whether effects are similar for men and women.

Association of Peripheral Interleukin-6 with Global Cognitive Decline in Non-demented Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.

Elevated biomarkers of systemic inflammation have been reported in individuals with cognitive decline, however, most of the literature concerns cross-sectional analyses that have produced mixed results. This study investigates the etiology of this association by performing meta-analyses on prospective studies investigating the relationship between baseline interleukin-6 (IL-6), an established marker of peripheral inflammation, with cognitive decline risk in non-demented adults at follow-up. We reviewed studies reporting peripheral IL-6 with future cognitive decline, up to February 2017 by searching the PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar databases.

In vivo cholinergic basal forebrain atrophy predicts cognitive decline in de novo Parkinson's disease.

See Gratwicke and Foltynie (doi:10.1093/brain/awx333) for a scientific commentary on this article.Cognitive impairments are a prevalent and disabling non-motor complication of Parkinson's disease, but with variable expression and progression.

Dysregulation of C-X-C motif ligand 10 during aging and association with cognitive performance.

Chronic low-grade inflammation during aging (inflammaging) is associated with cognitive decline and neurodegeneration; however, the mechanisms underlying inflammaging are unclear. We studied a population (n = 361) of healthy young and old adults from the MyoAge cohort. Peripheral levels of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) was found to be higher in older adults, compared with young, and negatively associated with working memory performance.

Sex differences in the effects of 12 weeks sprint interval training on body fat mass and the rates of fatty acid oxidation and VOmax during exercise.

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine whether very short duration, very high intensity sprint interval training (SIT) leads to loss of body fat mass in association with improvements to VOmax and fatty acid oxidation, and to assess the extent of sex dimorphism in these physiological responses.

Methods: A total of 24 men and 17 women (mean (SEM) age: 39 (±2) years; body mass index 24.6 (0.

Association between osteocalcin and cognitive performance in healthy older adults.

Introduction: cognitive deterioration and reductions of bone health coincide with increasing age. We examine the relationship between bone composition and plasma markers of bone remodelling with measures of cognitive performance in healthy adults.

Methods: this cross-sectional study included 225 old (52% women, mean age: 74.

Effects of exercise on adolescent and adult hypothalamic and hippocampal neuroinflammation.

Adolescence is a period of significant brain plasticity that can be affected by environmental factors, including the degree of physical activity. Here we hypothesized that adolescent rats would be more sensitive to the beneficial metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects of voluntary exercise than adult rats, whose more mature brains have less capacity for plasticity. We tested this by giving adolescent and adult Wistar rats four weeks' voluntary access to running wheels.

Transgenerational Social Stress, Immune Factors, Hormones, and Social Behavior.

A social signal transduction theory of depression has been proposed that states that exposure to social adversity alters the immune response and these changes mediate symptoms of depression such as anhedonia and impairments in social behavior The exposure of maternal rats to the chronic social stress (CSS) of a male intruder depresses maternal care and impairs social behavior in the F1 and F2 offspring of these dams. The objective of the present study was to characterize basal peripheral levels of several immune factors and related hormone levels in the adult F2 offspring of CSS exposed dams and assess whether changes in these factors are associated with previously reported deficits in allogrooming behavior. CSS decreased acid glycoprotein (α1AGP) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in F2 females, and increased granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in F2 males.

Social stress during lactation, depressed maternal care, and neuropeptidergic gene expression.

Depression and anxiety can be severely detrimental to the health of both the affected woman and her offspring. In a rodent model of postpartum depression and anxiety, chronic social stress exposure during lactation induces deficits in maternal care and increases anxiety. Here, we extend previous findings by expanding the behavioral analyses, assessing lactation, and examining several neural systems within amygdalar and hypothalamic regions involved in the control of the stress response and expression of maternal care that may be mediating the behavioral changes in stressed dams.