Country-specific birth weight and length in type 1 diabetes high-risk HLA genotypes in combination with prenatal characteristics.

Objective: To examine the relationship between high-risk human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes for type 1 diabetes and birth size in combination with prenatal ch aracteristics in different countries.

Study Design: Four high-risk HLA genotypes were enrolled in the Environmental determinants of Diabetes in the Young study newborn babies from the general population in Finland, Germany, Sweden and the United States. Stepwise regression analyses were used to adjust for country, parental physical characteristics and environmental factors during pregnancy.

Acute and chronic whiplash disorders--a review.

Objective: This review examines acute and chronic whiplash-associated disorders to facilitate assessment, treatment and rehabilitation for further research and evidence-based practices.

Design: A review of the literature.

Results And Conclusion: Whiplash-associated disorders account for a large proportion of the overall impairment and disability caused by traffic injuries.

Classification of neck movement patterns related to whiplash-associated disorders using neural networks.

This paper presents a new method for classification of neck movement patterns related to Whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) using a resilient backpropagation neural network (BPNN). WAD are a common diagnosis after neck trauma, typically caused by rear-end car accidents. Since physical injuries seldom are found with present imaging techniques, the diagnosis can be difficult to make.

Chronic whiplash associated disorders and neck movement measurements: an instantaneous helical axis approach.

This paper presents an assessment tool for objective neck movement analysis of subjects suffering from chronic whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). Three-dimensional (3-D) motion data is collected by a commercially available motion analysis system. Head rotation, defined in this paper as the rotation angle around the instantaneous helical axis (IHA), is used for extracting a number of variables (e.

The incidence of whiplash trauma and the effects of different factors on recovery.

We performed a prospective study of patients with a whiplash trauma to the cervical spine to describe the incidence of these injuries and to evaluate prognostic factors for disability and recovery. A total of 356 patients were enrolled in the study. All the patients received a comprehensive questionnaire after the injury, and 296 cases responded to the follow-up protocol more than 1 year after the accident.

Prospective study of trigeminal sensibility after whiplash trauma.

Trigeminal sensory impairment is frequent in whiplash cases. The pathophysiology is unknown. The purpose of the present investigation was to prospectively study the trigeminal sensibility for temperature and vibration and to evaluate their relationship with the clinical symptoms.

Early interdisciplinary rehabilitation programme for whiplash associated disorders.

Purpose: To assess the clinical outcomes of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme for early intervention of chronic whiplash associated disorders (WAD). The primary aim of the programme was to increase levels of activity and independence in patients suffering WAD.

Methods: Ninety subjects with purported chronic symptoms associated with whiplash associated disorder (WAD) were referred to a multi-centre multi-modal 5- and 8-week rehabilitation programme in 1997-1998, during which prospective and retrospective functional and psychological evaluations were conducted, the follow-up was to 6 months.

Lack of gender differences in the ability to relax between repetitive maximum isokinetic shoulder forward flexions: a population-based study among northern Swedes.

The aim of the present study was to analyse the effects of gender and age in a population-based sample of clinically healthy subjects on: (1) strength, endurance and perception of fatigue, (2) mean frequency (MNF) of the electromyogram (EMG), and (3) the ability to relax between active contractions (signal amplitude ratio; SAR) of the surface EMG of an isokinetic shoulder forward flexion test. With this aim we have analysed aspects of the validity of MNF as an indicator of fatigue, using peak torque as a criterion variable. The subjects were 27 men and 28 women (age range: 20-60 years), who were obtained by random sample from the official census lists (participation rate: 66%).