IF1 is a cold-regulated switch of ATP synthase hydrolytic activity to support thermogenesis in brown fat.

While mechanisms controlling uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) in thermogenic adipocytes play a pivotal role in non-shivering thermogenesis, it remains unclear whether FFo-ATP synthase function is also regulated in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Here, we show that inhibitory factor 1 (IF1, encoded by Atp5if1), an inhibitor of ATP synthase hydrolytic activity, is a critical negative regulator of brown adipocyte energy metabolism. In vivo, IF1 levels are diminished in BAT of cold-adapted mice compared to controls.

Cow's Milk Bioactive Molecules in the Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis in Human and Animal Studies.

Obesity disrupts glucose metabolism, leading to insulin resistance (IR) and cardiometabolic diseases. Consumption of cow's milk and other dairy products may influence glucose metabolism. Within the complex matrix of cow's milk, various carbohydrates, lipids, and peptides act as bioactive molecules to alter human metabolism.

An Egg White-Derived Peptide Enhances Systemic Insulin Sensitivity and Modulates Markers of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Obese, Insulin Resistant Mice.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome, is a global health problem. Currently, no pharmacological treatment is approved for NAFLD. Natural health products, including bioactive peptides, are potential candidates to aid in the management of metabolic syndrome-related conditions, including insulin resistance and obesity.

Elevated miR-143 and miR-34a gene expression in human visceral adipose tissue are associated with insulin resistance in non-diabetic adults: a cross-sectional study.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the association of miR-143 and miR-34a expression in human visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissues with insulin resistance (IR).

Methods: VAT and SAT were obtained from 176 participants without diabetes. miR-143 and miR-34a expressions in VAT and SAT were measured using qRT-PCR.

IRW (Isoleucine-Arginine-Tryptophan) Improves Glucose Tolerance in High Fat Diet Fed C57BL/6 Mice via Activation of Insulin Signaling and AMPK Pathways in Skeletal Muscle.

IRW (Isoleucine−Arginine−Tryptophan), has antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory properties in cells and animal models and prevents angiotensin-II- and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced insulin resistance (IR) in vitro. We investigated the effects of IRW on body composition, glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in a high-fat diet (HFD) induced insulin resistant (IR) model. C57BL/6 mice were fed HFD for 6 weeks, after which IRW was incorporated into the diet (45 or 15 mg/kg body weight (BW)) until week 14.

Bioactive Peptides: From Basic Research to Clinical Trials and Commercialization.

Chronic diseases, including metabolic diseases, have become a worldwide public health issue. Research regarding the use of bioactive peptides or protein hydrolysates derived from food, as the diet-based strategies for the prevention and mitigation of chronic diseases, has increased exponentially in the past decades. Numerous and studies report the efficacy and safety of food-derived bioactive peptides and protein hydrolysates as antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antioxidant agents.

Egg and Soy-Derived Peptides and Hydrolysates: A Review of Their Physiological Actions against Diabetes and Obesity.

Type 2 diabetes and obesity are two chronic conditions associated with the metabolic syndrome and their prevalences are increasing worldwide. The investigation of food protein-derived bioactive peptides that can improve the pathophysiology of diabetes or obesity while causing minimal side effects is desired. Egg and soy proteins generate bioactive peptides with multiple biological effects, exerting nutritional and physiological benefits.