Neonatal fungi promote lifelong metabolic health through macrophage-dependent β cell development.

Loss of early-life microbial diversity is correlated with diabetes, yet mechanisms by which microbes influence disease remain elusive. We report a critical neonatal window in mice when microbiota disruption results in lifelong metabolic consequences stemming from reduced β cell development. We show evidence for the existence of a similar program in humans and identify specific fungi and bacteria that are sufficient for β cell growth.

Language Barriers in Appendicitis: What is the Cost?

Background: In clinical scenarios, pediatricians prefer patient history over imaging to diagnose pediatric appendicitis because they wish to limit their patients' exposure to radiation. Language barriers between providers and patients with limited English proficiency may increase adverse outcomes, require more imaging studies, and lead to higher costs in cases of pediatric appendicitis.

Methods: We queried the pediatric-National Surgical Quality Improvement Project database for patients under age 16 who received appendectomies from 2011-2021 at a single institution.

The gut microbiome is associated with disease-free survival in stage I-III colorectal cancer patients.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second overall leading cause of cancer death in the United States, with recurrence being a frequent cause of mortality. Approaches to improve disease-free survival (DFS) are urgently needed. The gut microbiome, reflected in fecal samples, is likely mechanistically linked to CRC progression and may serve as a non-invasive biomarker.

Draft genome of a human gut-derived sp. that ameliorates colitis and colitis-associated sociability deficits in mice.

is a genus of anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria commonly found in mammalian gastrointestinal tracts. Yet, how variations among different strains can impact host health is poorly understood. We present a sp.

Barriers to Incident Reporting by Physicians: A Survey of Surgical Residents and Attending Physicians.

Objectives Incident reporting is vital to a culture of safety; however, physicians report at an alarmingly low rate. This study aimed to identify barriers to incident reporting among surgeons at a quaternary care center. Methods A survey was created utilizing components of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) validated survey on patient safety culture.

Draft sp. genome isolated from a spore-forming community in mice.

is a common mammalian gut commensal; however, very few genomes have been sequenced, and little is understood regarding its importance for host health. Here, we add a complete sp. genome isolated from a spore-forming community in mice.

Genomes of diverse Clostridia isolated from a spore forming community in mice that were associated with protection against metabolic syndrome and obesity.

Clostridia are common mammalian gut commensals with emerging roles in human health. Here, we describe 10 Clostridia genomes from a consortium of spore forming bacteria, shown to protect mice from metabolic syndrome. These genomes will provide valuable insight on the beneficial role of spore forming bacteria in the gut.

Surgical Intraoperative Handoff Initiative: Standardizing Operating Room Communication Using SHRIMPS.

Background: Operating room (OR) handoffs are not universally standardized, although standardized sign outs have been proven to provide effective communication in other aspects of healthcare. We hypothesize that creating a standardized handoff will improve communication between OR staff.

Study Design: A frontline stakeholder approached our quality improvement team with concern regarding inadequate quality surgical technician handoffs during staff changes.

Colitis reduces active social engagement in mice and is ameliorated by supplementation with human microbiota members.

Multiple neurological disorders are associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it is unclear whether GI distress itself can modify aspects of behavior. Here, we show that mice that experience repeated colitis have impaired active social engagement, as measured by interactions with a foreign mouse, even though signs of colitis were no longer present.

Corrigendum: Neonatal NET-Inhibitory Factor improves survival in the cecal ligation and puncture model of polymicrobial sepsis by inhibiting neutrophil extracellular traps.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.

Neonatal NET-Inhibitory Factor improves survival in the cecal ligation and puncture model of polymicrobial sepsis by inhibiting neutrophil extracellular traps.

Introduction: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) clear pathogens but may contribute Q8 pathogenically to host inflammatory tissue damage during sepsis. Innovative therapeutic agents targeting NET formation and their potentially harmful collateral effects remain understudied.

Methods: We investigated a novel therapeutic agent, neonatal NET-Inhibitory Factor (nNIF), in a mouse model of experimental sepsis - cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).

Differences in the gut microbiome by physical activity and BMI among colorectal cancer patients.

Associations of energy balance components, including physical activity and obesity, with colorectal cancer risk and mortality are well established. However, the gut microbiome has not been investigated as underlying mechanism. We investigated associations of physical activity, BMI, and combinations of physical activity/BMI with gut microbiome diversity and differential abundances among colorectal cancer patients.

CD11c+ myeloid cell exosomes reduce intestinal inflammation during colitis.

Intercellular communication is critical for homeostasis in mammalian systems, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Exosomes are nanoscale lipid extracellular vesicles that mediate communication between many cell types. Notably, the roles of immune cell exosomes in regulating GI homeostasis and inflammation are largely uncharacterized.

Challenges in Predicting the Change in the Cumulative Exposure of New Tobacco and Related Products Based on Emissions and Toxicity Dose-Response Data.

Many novel tobacco products have been developed in recent years. Although many may emit lower levels of several toxicants, their risk in the long term remains unclear. We previously published a method for the exposure assessment of mixtures that can be used to compare the changes in cumulative exposure to carcinogens among tobacco products.

Wild herbivorous mammals (genus ) host a diverse but transient assemblage of fungi.

Fungi are often overlooked in microbiome research and, as a result, little is known about the mammalian mycobiome. Although frequently detected in vertebrate guts and known to contribute to digestion in some herbivores, whether these eukaryotes are a persistent part of the mammalian gut microbiome remains contentious. To address this question, we sampled fungi from wild woodrats ( spp.

Epithelial-myeloid exchange of MHC class II constrains immunity and microbiota composition.

Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) have long been understood to express high levels of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II) molecules but are not considered canonical antigen-presenting cells, and the impact of IEC-MHC class II signaling on gut homeostasis remains enigmatic. As IECs serve as the primary barrier between underlying host immune cells, we reasoned that IEC-intrinsic antigen presentation may play a role in responses toward the microbiota. Mice with an IEC-intrinsic deletion of MHC class II (IEC) are healthy but have fewer microbial-bound IgA, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and immune repertoire selection.

Adaptive immunity induces mutualism between commensal eukaryotes.

Pathogenic fungi reside in the intestinal microbiota but rarely cause disease. Little is known about the interactions between fungi and the immune system that promote commensalism. Here we investigate the role of adaptive immunity in promoting mutual interactions between fungi and host.