DeepPuff: Utilizing Deep Learning for Smoking Behavior Identification in Free-living Environment.

A comprehensive assessment of cigarette smoking behavior and its effect on health requires a detailed examination of smoke exposure. We propose a CNN-LSTM-based deep learning architecture named DeepPuff to quantify Respiratory Smoke Exposure Metrics (RSEM). Smoke inhalations were detected from the breathing and hand gesture sensors of the Personal Automatic Cigarette Tracker v2 (PACT 2.

Relationships Between the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio and Laboratory Assessments of Smoking Reinforcement and Craving Among Adults in a Smoking Cessation Trial.

Introduction: People who metabolize nicotine more quickly are generally less successful at quitting smoking. However, the mechanisms that link individual differences in the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), a phenotypic biomarker of the rate of nicotine clearance, to smoking outcomes are unclear. We tested the hypotheses that higher NMR is associated with greater smoking reinforcement, general craving, and cue-induced cigarette craving in a treatment-seeking sample.

A preliminary randomized trial of reinforcement contingencies to improve compliance with ecological momentary assessment.

Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) methods are increasingly used by translational scientists to study real-world behavior and experience. The ability to draw meaningful conclusions from EMA research depends upon participant compliance with assessment completion. Most EMA studies provide financial compensation for compliance, but little empirical evidence addresses the impact of reinforcement parameters on the level of compliance.

An Evaluation of the Contextual Factors Associated With the Use of Either Tobacco or Electronic Cigarettes in Individuals Who Dual Use.

Introduction: Little is known about patterns of dual use of tobacco and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), especially regarding the factors that lead people to choose either product in particular situations. Identifying contextual factors that are associated with product use would enhance understanding of the maintenance of dual product use.

Methods: Individuals who dual use (N = 102) completed ecological momentary assessment surveys via text message regarding the recent use of tobacco and e-cigarettes for 2 weeks.

An Examination of Objective and Self-Report Measures of Ad Libitum Electronic Cigarette Use: Identifying Patterns of Puffing Behavior and Evaluating Self-Report Items.

Introduction: There has been little research objectively examining use-patterns among individuals who use electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). The primary aim of this study was to identify patterns of e-cigarette use and categorize distinct use-groups by analyzing patterns of puff topography variables over time. The secondary aim was to identify the extent to which self-report questions about use accurately assess e-cigarette use-behavior.

Effect of Extending the Duration of Prequit Treatment With Varenicline on Smoking Abstinence: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Even with varenicline, the leading monotherapy for tobacco dependence, smoking abstinence rates remain low. Preliminary evidence suggests that extending the duration of varenicline treatment before quitting may increase abstinence.

Objective: To test the hypotheses that, compared with standard run-in varenicline treatment (1 week before quitting), extended run-in varenicline treatment (4 weeks before quitting) reduces smoking exposure before the target quit date (TQD) and enhances abstinence, particularly among women.

Analyzing Impact of Mouthpiece-based Puff Topography Devices on Smoking Behavior using Wearable Sensors.

Detailed assessment of smoking topography (puffing and post-puffing metrics) can lead to a better understanding of factors that influence tobacco use. Research suggests that portable mouthpiece-based devices used for puff topography measurement may alter natural smoking behavior. This paper evaluated the impact of a portable puff topography device (CReSS Pocket) on puffing & post-puffing topography using a wearable system, the Personal Automatic Cigarette Tracker v2 (PACT 2.

A Psychometric Evaluation of the Stanford Expectations of Treatment Scale (SETS) in the Context of a Smoking Cessation Trial.

Introduction: Although treatment outcome expectancies (TOEs) may influence clinical outcomes, TOEs are rarely reported in the smoking cessation literature, in part because of the lack of validated measures. Therefore, we conducted a psychometric evaluation of TOEs scores with the Stanford Expectations of Treatment Scale (SETS) in the context of a smoking cessation clinical trial.

Methods: Participants were 320 adults enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of extended versus standard pre-quit varenicline treatment for smoking cessation (clinicaltrials.

Combined smoking and alcohol cues: Effects on craving, drug-seeking, and consumption.

Background: Alcohol and cigarettes are commonly used together, but little is known about their joint motivational impact. Cue reactivity studies have customarily examined alcohol and smoking cues in isolation, despite the potential for cues to elicit stronger motivational responses when combined. This study used a validated cue reactivity procedure (Choice Behavior Under Cued Conditions) systematically to disentangle the separate and joint effects of alcohol and cigarette cues on substance use motivation.

The impact of three weeks of pre-quit varenicline on reinforcing value and craving for cigarettes in a laboratory choice procedure.

Rationale: Varenicline, a partial nicotinic agonist, is theorized to attenuate pre-quit smoking reinforcement and post-quit withdrawal and craving. However, the mechanisms of action have not been fully characterized, as most studies employ only retrospective self-report measures, hypothetical indices of reinforcing value, and/or nontreatment-seeking samples.

Objectives: The current research examined the impact of pre-quit varenicline (vs.

A Meta-Analysis of Cue Reactivity in Tobacco Cigarette Smokers.

Introduction: The cue reactivity paradigm allows for systematic evaluation of motivational responses to drug-related cues that may elicit drug use. The literature on this topic has grown substantially in recent decades, and the methodology used to study cue reactivity has varied widely across studies. The present research provided a meta-analytic investigation of variables that have an impact on cue reactivity effects to enhance our understanding of this key feature of tobacco use disorders.

Comparing the reward value of cigarettes and food during tobacco abstinence and nonabstinence.

Background: Some addiction theories propose that nicotine dependence is characterized by an imbalance between motivation for cigarettes compared to non-drug rewards. This imbalance may become increasingly polarized during abstinence, which further potentiates smoking. The present study evaluated motivation for cigarettes and food during abstinence and nonabstinence in daily smokers.

Assessment of the Choice Behavior Under Cued Conditions (CBUCC) paradigm as a measure of motivation to smoke under laboratory conditions.

Background And Aims: The Choice Behavior under Cued Conditions (CBUCC) task uses three indices of tobacco use (consumption, money spent to access a cigarette and latency to reach for a cigarette) to assess motivation to smoke under laboratory conditions. Initial research with this procedure has shown that it can evince cue-specific craving and differential responding for smoking versus a neutral cue. This study aimed to replicate these findings and assess the interaction of cue-specific craving and behavior with abstinence prior to testing.

Withdrawal Symptom, Treatment Mechanism, and/or Side Effect? Developing an Explicit Measurement Model for Smoking Cessation Research.

Introduction: Assessment of withdrawal symptoms, treatment mechanisms, and side effects is central to understanding and improving smoking cessation interventions. Though each domain is typically assessed separately with widely used questionnaires to separately assess each domain (eg, Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale = withdrawal; Questionnaire of Smoking Urges-Brief = craving; Positive and Negative Affect Schedule = affect; symptom checklist = side effects), there are substantial problems with this implicit "one questionnaire equals one construct" measurement model, including item overlap across questionnaires. This study sought to clarify the number and nature of constructs assessed during smoking cessation by developing an explicit measurement model.

Sex Differences in Subjective and Behavioral Responses to Stressful and Smoking Cues Presented in the Natural Environment of Smokers.

Introduction: Some evidence suggests that female smokers may show more context-dependent smoking and that males may show more stereotyped smoking (regardless of stress or cue exposure). The goal of this study was to characterize sex differences in response to stressful and smoking cues ecologically presented in daily life and variability in day-to-day smoking behavior.

Methods: Adult smokers (N = 177) provided ratings of mood and cigarette craving before and after stress and smoking cues were presented four times daily for 14 days via a mobile device.

Comparison of Tobacco and Electronic Cigarette Reward Value Measured During a Cue-Reactivity Task: An Extension of the Choice Behavior Under Cued Conditions Procedure.

Introduction: Up to 24% of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) users are concurrent users of both tobacco and e-cigarettes (dual users). Dual users provide an opportunity to assess key motivational processes supporting e-cigarette use, such as the reward value of e-cigarettes. This study used the Choice Behavior Under Cued Conditions procedure to examine cue-specific reactions to tobacco and e-cigarettes with a primary focus on evaluating the relative reward value of both forms of cigarettes.

Momentary changes in craving predict smoking lapse behavior: a laboratory study.

Rationale: Current research on factors that predict smoking lapse behavior is limited in its ability to fully characterize the critical moments leading up to decisions to smoke.

Objectives: We used a validated and widely used experimental analogue for smoking lapse to assess how moment-to-moment dynamics of craving relate to decisions to smoke.

Methods: Heavy smokers (N = 128, M age = 35.

Development and Validation of the Questionnaire of Vaping Craving.

Introduction: Craving may represent core motivational processes in tobacco dependence, but there is no psychometrically evaluated measure of craving for e-cigarettes (vaping craving). This research developed and validated a brief measure of vaping craving.

Methods: The measure was evaluated in two studies.

Craving and tobacco use: Development of the choice behavior under cued conditions (CBUCC) procedure.

Many addiction theories propose that craving modulates smoking. Research on this relationship has yielded mixed results, which might be explained, in part, by a consideration of the various behaviors representing tobacco use. Tobacco use can be divided into seeking (attempts to access cigarettes) and consumption (ingestion of tobacco).

Selection criteria limit generalizability of smoking pharmacotherapy studies differentially across clinical trials and laboratory studies: A systematic review on varenicline.

Background: The selection criteria used in clinical trials for smoking cessation and in laboratory studies that seek to understand mechanisms responsible for treatment outcomes may limit their generalizability to one another and to the general population.

Methods: We reviewed studies on varenicline versus placebo and compared eligibility criteria and participant characteristics of clinical trials (N=23) and laboratory studies (N=22) across study type and to nationally representative survey data on adult, daily USA smokers (2014 National Health Interview Survey; 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health).

Results: Relative to laboratory studies, clinical trials more commonly reported excluding smokers who were unmotivated to quit and for specific medical conditions (e.

Alcohol consumption as a predictor of reactivity to smoking and stress cues presented in the natural environment of smokers.

Background And Rationale: The high prevalence of co-occurring alcohol and tobacco use underscores the importance of understanding the influence of alcohol consumption on risk factors for smoking and relapse. Alcohol has been shown to impact reactivity to smoking and stress-related cues, both of which are common antecedents to smoking and smoking relapse.

Objective: The objective of the current study is to examine associations between alcohol use, cigarette craving, and stress reactivity following exposure to smoking and stress cues delivered in participants' daily lives.

Cognitive regulation of smoking behavior within a cigarette: Automatic and nonautomatic processes.

There has been limited research on cognitive processes governing smoking behavior in individuals who are tobacco dependent. In a replication (Baxter & Hinson, 2001) and extension, this study examined the theory (Tiffany, 1990) that drug use may be controlled by automatic processes that develop over repeated use. Heavy and occasional cigarette smokers completed a button-press reaction time (RT) task while concurrently smoking a cigarette, pretending to smoke a lit cigarette, or not smoking.

A comparative evaluation of self-report and biological measures of cigarette use in nondaily smokers.

A large subset of individuals who smoke cigarettes do not smoke regularly, but the assessments used to collect data on cigarette consumption in nondaily smokers have not been rigorously evaluated. The current study examined several self-report and biomarker approaches to the assessment of cigarette use in a sample of nondaily smokers (n = 176). Participants were randomly assigned to a daily monitoring condition (n = 89), requiring a daily report of the number of cigarettes smoked in the previous 24 hours, or a no monitoring condition (n = 87).

The Use of Virtual Reality in the Production of Cue-Specific Craving for Cigarettes: A Meta-Analysis.

Introduction: The cue-reactivity procedure has demonstrated that smokers respond with increases in subjective craving in the presence of smoking-related cues. Virtual reality is an emerging mode of cue presentation for cue-reactivity research. Despite the successful implementation of virtual reality during the last decade, no systematic review has investigated the magnitude of effects across studies.

Response Time to Craving-Item Ratings as an Implicit Measure of Craving-Related Processes.

Drug craving is typically measured through explicit ratings of craving levels. We examined response time to craving ratings as an implicit measure of craving processes in cigarette smokers. Response time and inter-item variability were investigated as potential indices of in craving ratings.