Human macrophage response to the emerging enteric pathogen : Inflammation, apoptosis, and downregulation of histones.

This study investigated the pathogenic mechanisms of in macrophages. THP-1 derived macrophages were used as a human macrophage model and were treated with strain AS1 isolated from intestinal biopsies of an IBD patient, or strain K-12. RNA was extracted and subjected to RNA sequencing and comparative transcriptomic analyses.

Hepatobiliary complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have dramatically changed the landscape of cancer therapy. Over the last decade, both their primary focus in trials and clinical application have exponentially risen, with repeated demonstrations of their efficacy in improving survival in various cancer types. The adverse effects of these drugs on various organ systems were recognised in early phase studies.

Initial Trans-Arterial Chemo-Embolisation (TACE) Is Associated with Similar Survival Outcomes as Compared to Upfront Percutaneous Ablation Allowing for Follow-Up Treatment in Those with Single Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) ≤ 3 cm: Results of a Real-World Propensity-Matched Multi-Centre Australian Cohort Study.

Percutaneous ablation is recommended in Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage 0/A patients with HCC ≤3 cm as a curative treatment modality alongside surgical resection and liver transplantation. However, trans-arterial chemo-embolisation (TACE) is commonly used in the real-world as an initial treatment in patients with single small HCC in contrast to widely accepted clinical practice guidelines which typically describe TACE as a treatment for intermediate-stage HCC. We performed this real-world propensity-matched multi-centre cohort study in patients with single HCC ≤ 3 cm to assess for differences in survival outcomes between those undergoing initial TACE and those receiving upfront ablation.

Different Patterns of Care and Survival Outcomes in Transplant-Centre Managed Patients with Early-Stage HCC: Real-World Data from an Australian Multi-Centre Cohort Study.

The management of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is complex, with multiple treatment strategies available. There is a paucity of literature regarding variations in the patterns of care and outcomes between transplant and non-transplant centres. We conducted this real-world multi-centre cohort study in two liver cancer referral centres with an integrated liver transplant program and an additional eight non-transplant HCC referral centres across Australia to identify variation in patterns of care and key survival outcomes.

Analysis of global genomes revealed that strains carrying T6SS are more common in human gastroenteritis than in environmental sources and are often phylogenetically related.

is an emerging human enteric pathogen. However, the genomic features and virulence genes of strains from human gastroenteritis and other sources have not been fully elucidated. Here, we conducted a genomic analysis of 565 global strains isolated from different sources, including 261 strains isolated from faecal samples of gastroenteritis patients, of which 18 genomes were sequenced in this study.

Drug-induced liver injury from selective androgen receptor modulators, anabolic-androgenic steroids and bodybuilding supplements in Australia.

Background: Reports of DILI due to herbal and dietary supplements have been increasing over time.

Aims: To characterise clinical, laboratory and histopathological phenotypes and outcomes of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) due to anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), and bodybuilding supplements (BBS) in Australia.

Methods: Retrospective case series.

Investigation of gastric epithelial pathogenicity using AGS cells.

is an oral bacterium. Recent studies suggest that may be involved in human gastric diseases. The mechanisms, however, by which causes human gastric diseases have not been investigated.

Improved Survival Outcomes with Surgical Resection Compared to Ablative Therapy in Early-Stage HCC: A Large, Real-World, Propensity-Matched, Multi-Centre, Australian Cohort Study.

The optimal treatment approach in very-early and early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not precisely defined, and there is ambiguity in the literature around the comparative efficacy of surgical resection versus ablation as curative therapies for limited disease. We performed this real-world propensity-matched, multi-centre cohort study to assess for differences in survival outcomes between those undergoing resection and those receiving ablation. Patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) 0/A HCC first diagnosed between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2020 who received ablation or resection as initial treatment were included in the study.

ATG16L1 rs2241880/T300A increases susceptibility to perianal Crohn's disease: An updated meta-analysis on inflammatory bowel disease risk and clinical outcomes.

Background: ATG16L1 plays a fundamental role in the degradative intracellular pathway known as autophagy, being a mediator of inflammation and microbial homeostasis. The variant rs2241880 can diminish these capabilities, potentially contributing to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis.

Objectives: To perform an updated meta-analysis on the association between ATG16L1 rs2241880 and IBD susceptibility by exploring the impact of age, ethnicity, and geography.

Emerging enteric infections: their association with inflammatory bowel disease and novel pathogenic mechanisms.

species are emerging human enteric pathogens. This study examines the isolation of and other enteric bacterial pathogens from patients with and without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study also investigates the intestinal epithelial pathogenic mechanisms of .

A Matched Molecular and Clinical Analysis of the Epithelioid Haemangioendothelioma Cohort in the Stafford Fox Rare Cancer Program and Contextual Literature Review.

Background: Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma (EHE) is an ultra-rare malignant vascular tumour with a prevalence of 1 per 1,000,000. It is typically molecularly characterised by a gene fusion in approximately 90% of cases, or a gene fusion in approximately 10% of cases. EHE cases are typically refractory to therapies, and no anticancer agents are reimbursed for EHE in Australia.

Global epidemiology of campylobacteriosis and the impact of COVID-19.

Campylobacteriosis is a gastroenteritis caused by pathogenic species and an important topic in public health. Here we review the global epidemiology of campylobacteriosis in the last eight years between 2014-2021, providing comprehensive and updated information on the reported incidence and outbreaks of infections. The government public health website of each of the 195 countries and publications from 2014 to September 2022 in public databases were searched.

Changes to the upper gastrointestinal microbiotas of children with reflux oesophagitis and oesophageal metaplasia.

Little is known of the relationships among paediatric upper gastrointestinal microbiotas, and the impact of medication use and disease on their diversity. Here, we investigated the diversity of three microbiotas in the upper gastrointestinal tract of paediatric patients in relation to each other and to host factors. Oral, oesophageal and gastric microbiotas from a prospective paediatric cohort (=54) were profiled using the 16S rRNA gene and ITS2 amplicon sequencing.

Bacterial Species Associated With Human Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Their Pathogenic Mechanisms.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract with unknown etiology. The pathogenesis of IBD results from immune responses to microbes in the gastrointestinal tract. Various bacterial species that are associated with human IBD have been identified.

Analysis of global Aeromonas veronii genomes provides novel information on source of infection and virulence in human gastrointestinal diseases.

Background: Aeromonas veronii is a Gram-negative rod-shaped motile bacterium that inhabits mainly freshwater environments. A. veronii is a pathogen of aquatic animals, causing diseases in fish.

Genetic variants involved in innate immunity modulate the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases in an understudied Malaysian population.

Background And Aim: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions comprising two major subtypes: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The incidence of IBD is increasing in Asian countries including Malaysia. The aim of this study was to determine whether 32 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) strongly associated with IBD from genome-wide association studies, performed mainly in Caucasian populations, are associated with IBD in a Malaysian population, correlating these findings with local and systemic inflammation.

upregulates PD-L1 mRNA expression in IFN-γ sensitized intestinal epithelial cells and induces cell death in esophageal epithelial cells.

is an oral bacterium that is associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Barrett's esophagus (BE). Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is an immune checkpoint protein that is used by tumor cells for immune evasion and has increased expression in patients with IBD and BE. We examined whether upregulates PD-L1 expression in intestinal and esophageal epithelial cells.

Multi-omics of the esophageal microenvironment identifies signatures associated with progression of Barrett's esophagus.

Background: The enrichment of Gram-negative bacteria of oral origin in the esophageal microbiome has been associated with the development of metaplasia. However, to date, no study has comprehensively assessed the relationships between the esophageal microbiome and the host.

Methods: Here, we examine the esophageal microenvironment in gastro-esophageal reflux disease and metaplasia using multi-omics strategies targeting the microbiome and host transcriptome, followed by targeted culture, comparative genomics, and host-microbial interaction studies of bacterial signatures of interest.

Management, outcomes and survival of an Australian IgG4-SC cohort: The MOSAIC study.

Background And Aims: IgG4 sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) is the biliary component of the multisystem IgG4-related disease. We aimed to investigate the clinical features, demographics, treatment response and outcomes of IgG4-SC in a large Australian cohort.

Methods: We conducted nationwide retrospective cohort via the Australian Liver Association Clinical Trials Network (ALA-CRN).

The Isolation of Species and Other Common Enteric Bacterial Pathogens from Patients with Gastroenteritis in an Australian Population.

species are emerging human enteric pathogens. However, systematic analysis of species infection in human gastroenteritis in comparison with other enteric bacterial pathogens in the Australian population is lacking. Here we analysed the isolation of species and other bacterial pathogens in five consecutive years (2015-2019) from 375,842 stool samples of patients with gastroenteritis in a large Australian diagnostic laboratory and identified a subset (48 isolates) of isolates to species level, using multilocus phylogenetic analysis.

Global Studies of Using Fecal Biomarkers in Predicting Relapse in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract mainly comprising two forms including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). IBD is a lifelong relapsing remitting disease and relapses occur at random patterns which are unpredictable. Fecal biomarkers have been increasingly used to assess disease activity in IBD due to their positive correlations with intestinal inflammation.

Analysis of complete genomes identifies genomospecies features, secretion systems and novel plasmids and their association with severe ulcerative colitis.

is an emerging enteric pathogen that is associated with several gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Currently, only three complete genomes are available and more complete genomes are needed in order to better understand the genomic features and pathogenicity of this emerging pathogen. DNA extracted from 22 .

Escherichia coli K12 Upregulates Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Expression in Gamma Interferon-Sensitized Intestinal Epithelial Cells via the NF-κB Pathway.

Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is an immune checkpoint protein which is used by tumor cells for immune evasion. PD-L1 is upregulated in inflamed intestinal tissues. The intestinal tract is colonized by millions of bacteria, most of which are commensal bacterial species.

Analyses of energy metabolism and stress defence provide insights into growth and pathogenicity.

is an emerging enteric pathogen that is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Previous studies demonstrated that is non-saccharolytic and hydrogen gas (H) is a critical factor for growth. In order to understand the molecular basis of the non-saccharolytic and H-dependent nature of growth, in this study we examined the pathways involving energy metabolism and oxidative stress defence in .

Effects of Anti-Cytokine Antibodies on Gut Barrier Function.

Anti-cytokine antibodies are used in treating chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatic diseases. Patients with these diseases often have a compromised gut barrier function, suggesting that anti-cytokine antibodies may contribute to the re-establishment of gut barrier integrity, in addition to their immunomodulatory effects. This paper reviews the effects of anti-cytokine antibodies on gut barrier function and their mechanisms.