Training using medical simulation.

As the time available for medical education is shortened by reductions in training hours and the demands of modern healthcare delivery, educators are increasingly looking towards simulation as a means of providing safe and reproducible situations for clinical skills teaching, decision-making and team training. The tools available for simulation-based training have developed rapidly over the past 15 years. There is an increasing range of manikins and part-task trainers - devices that permit selected elements of a skill or task to be practised independently of a whole-body manikin.

Influence of tracheobronchomalacia on outcome of surgery in children with congenital heart disease and its management.

Background: Patients with complex congenital heart disease associated with tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) remain difficult to manage after cardiac surgery. We studied the influence of TBM on the outcomes of pediatric patients after cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease to determine how to manage these patients better.

Methods: Twenty-two consecutive pediatric patients who had TBM diagnosed by bronchoscopy or dynamic contrast bronchography before or after cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease during a 5.