Social Cognition and Other Determinants of Perceived Social Support in Individuals With Serious Mental Illness.

Social support provides protective effects for those with serious mental illness (SMI), but these effects may be attenuated by factors that hinder positive perceptions of support. Improved understanding of social support and its determinants may hold relevance for clinical interventions and provide avenues to promote recovery and improve functioning. The present study is a cross-sectional, correlational analysis investigating the relationships among social cognition (Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test-Managing Emotions subscale), social anxiety (Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale), negative symptoms (Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms), and perceived social support (Interpersonal Support Evaluation List) among individuals with SMI.

Therapeutic alliance in a cognitive rehabilitation programme for people with serious mental illness: A qualitative analysis.

Objective: Therapeutic alliance is an important element of evidence-based treatments for people diagnosed with a serious mental illness. Cognitive enhancement therapy (CET) is an efficacious cognitive rehabilitation programme that emphasizes coach-participant relationships. The purpose of this study was to examine experiences of therapeutic alliance among CET participants.

Implementation and preliminary outcomes of cognitive enhancement therapy for serious mental illness in an outpatient mental health program.

Background: Although numerous evidence-based treatments for serious mental illnesses (SMI) exist, the majority are not widely utilized in clinical settings. Cognitive enhancement therapy (CET) has been tested in randomized trials; however, knowledge regarding implementation and outcomes in naturalistic environments is scarce.

Aims: The current study is an uncontrolled, observational study describing implementation and pre- to post-outcomes of CETCleveland®, a community-based version of CET in an outpatient mental health program in the United States.

Graph hierarchy: a novel framework to analyse hierarchical structures in complex networks.

Trophic coherence, a measure of a graph's hierarchical organisation, has been shown to be linked to a graph's structural and dynamical aspects such as cyclicity, stability and normality. Trophic levels of vertices can reveal their functional properties, partition and rank the vertices accordingly. Trophic levels and hence trophic coherence can only be defined on graphs with basal vertices, i.

Understanding spatial patterns in rape reporting delays.

Under-reporting and delayed reporting of rape crime are severe issues that can complicate the prosecution of perpetrators and prevent rape survivors from receiving needed support. Building on a massive database of publicly available criminal reports from two US cities, we develop a machine learning framework to predict delayed reporting of rape to help tackle this issue. Motivated by large and unexplained spatial variation in reporting delays, we build predictive models to analyse spatial, temporal and socio-economic factors that might explain this variation.

Elementary effects analysis of factors controlling COVID-19 infections in computational simulation reveals the importance of social distancing and mask usage.

COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organisation (WHO) on March 11th, 2020. With half of the world's countries in lockdown as of April due to this pandemic, monitoring and understanding the spread of the virus and infection rates and how these factors relate to behavioural and societal parameters is crucial for developing control strategies. This paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of masks, social distancing, lockdown and self-isolation for reducing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections.

Quantifying people's experience during flood events with implications for hazard risk communication.

Semantic drift is a well-known concept in distributional semantics, which is used to demonstrate gradual, long-term changes in meanings and sentiments of words and is largely detectable by studying the composition of large corpora. In our previous work, which used ontological relationships between words and phrases, we established that certain kinds of semantic micro-changes can be found in social media emerging around natural hazard events, such as floods. Our previous results confirmed that semantic drift in social media can be used to for early detection of floods and to increase the volume of 'useful' geo-referenced data for event monitoring.

Resilience or robustness: identifying topological vulnerabilities in rail networks.

Many critical infrastructure systems have network structures and are under stress. Despite their national importance, the complexity of large-scale transport networks means that we do not fully understand their vulnerabilities to cascade failures. The research conducted through this paper examines the interdependent rail networks in Greater London and surrounding commuter area.

Isolating the effect of cycling on local business environments in London.

We investigate whether increasing cycling activity affects the emergence of new local businesses. Historical amenity data from OpenStreetMap is used to quantify change in shop and sustenance amenity counts. We apply an instrumental variable framework to investigate a causal relationship and to account for endogeneity in the model.

The relationship between greenspace and the mental wellbeing of adults: A systematic review.

Introduction: The view that interacting with nature enhances mental wellbeing is commonplace, despite a dearth of evidence or even agreed definitions of 'nature'. The aim of this review was to systematically appraise the evidence for associations between greenspace and mental wellbeing, stratified by the different ways in which greenspace has been conceptualised in quantitative research.

Methods: We undertook a comprehensive database search and thorough screening of articles which included a measure of greenspace and validated mental wellbeing tool, to capture aspects of hedonic and/or eudaimonic wellbeing.

Concurrent Pilot Instrument Monitoring in the Automated Multi-Crew Airline Cockpit.

Introduction: Pilot instrument monitoring has been described as "inadequate," "ineffective," and "insufficient" after multicrew aircraft accidents. Regulators have called for improved instrument monitoring by flight crews, but scientific knowledge in the area is scarce. Research has tended to investigate the monitoring of individual pilots when in the pilot-flying role; very little research has looked at crew monitoring, or that of the "monitoring-pilot" role despite it being half of the apparent problem.

Google Trends can improve surveillance of Type 2 diabetes.

Recent studies demonstrate that people are increasingly looking online to assess their health, with reasons varying from personal preferences and beliefs to inability to book a timely appointment with their local medical practice. Records of these activities represent a new source of data about the health of populations, but which is currently unaccounted for by disease surveillance models. This could potentially be useful as evidence of individuals' perception of bodily changes and self-diagnosis of early symptoms of an emerging disease.

A cross-sectional analysis of green space prevalence and mental wellbeing in England.

Background: With urbanisation increasing, it is important to understand how to design changing environments to promote mental wellbeing. Evidence suggests that local-area proportions of green space may be associated with happiness and life satisfaction; however, the available evidence on such associations with more broadly defined mental wellbeing in still very scarce. This study aimed to establish whether the amount of neighbourhood green space was associated with mental wellbeing.

Predicting floods with Flickr tags.

Increasingly, user generated content (UGC) in social media postings and their associated metadata such as time and location stamps are being used to provide useful operational information during natural hazard events such as hurricanes, storms and floods. The main advantage of these new sources of data are twofold. First, in a purely additive sense, they can provide much denser geographical coverage of the hazard as compared to traditional sensor networks.

Inhibitory deficits in prepulse inhibition, sensory gating, and antisaccade eye movement in schizotypy.

Schizotypy is a term that refers to a continuum of personality characteristics, emerging from mental states ranging from organized and normal to unorganized and disordered; with the latter tending to include individuals with high schizotypal scores as well as those diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder. Evidence from psychophysiological studies has found a relative weakness in the inhibitory functioning, including prepulse inhibition (PPI), sensory gating (SG), and antisaccade eye movement (AEM) in schizotypy and schizophrenia. As schizotypy and schizophrenia are in the same spectrum, understanding the nature of sensory and motor inhibitory weakness associated with schizotypy will optimize the prevention and intervention for both schizotypy and schizophrenia populations.

Predicting the impact of urban flooding using open data.

This paper aims to explore whether there is a relationship between search patterns for flood risk information on the Web and how badly localities have been affected by flood events. We hypothesize that localities where people stay more actively informed about potential flooding experience less negative impact than localities where people make less effort to be informed. Being informed, of course, does not hold the waters back; however, it may stimulate (or serve as an indicator of) such resilient behaviours as timely use of sandbags, relocation of possessions from basements to upper floors and/or temporary evacuation from flooded homes to alternative accommodation.

Contribution of smoking during pregnancy to inequalities in stillbirth and infant death in Scotland 1994-2003: retrospective population based study using hospital maternity records.

Objective: To quantify the contribution of smoking during pregnancy to social inequalities in stillbirth and infant death.

Design: Population based retrospective cohort study.

Setting: Scottish hospitals between 1994 and 2003.

Centile charts for birthweight for gestational age for Scottish singleton births.

Background: Centile charts of birthweight for gestational age are used to identify low birthweight babies. The charts currently used in Scotland are based on data from the 1970s and require updating given changes in birthweight and in the measurement of gestational age since then.

Methods: Routinely collected data of 100,133 singleton births occurring in Scotland from 1998-2003 were used to construct new centile charts using the LMS method.

Intrauterine growth and cerebral palsy in twins: a European multicenter study.

Population-based studies in twins have been of insufficient size to explore the relationship between risk of cerebral palsy and intrauterine growth. Earlier studies in singletons have suggested an optimum size at birth for minimum cerebral palsy risk between the 75th and 90th percentiles of weight for gestational age. We aggregated data from nine European cerebral palsy registers for 1976 to 1990.

Cerebral palsy and intrauterine growth.

When birth weight for gestation is used as a surrogate for intrauterine growth, the prevalence of cerebral palsy varies continuously in a reversed J shape, with steep increases in the risk for infants lighter and heavier than the optimum size. Patterns of size-at-birth specific risk for cerebral palsy differ between male and female infants, as do the patterns for more severe versus milder cases. Although these excess risks with abnormal size at birth imply antenatal precursors, it is not clear whether or how intrauterine growth is involved in any of the suspected causal pathways resulting in cerebral palsy.

Complete and variant forms of the 'gonococcal genetic island' in Neisseria meningitidis.

Comparative genome hybridization using the pan-Neisseria microarray identified genes from the gonococcal genetic island (GGI) within Neisseria meningitidis strains of serogroups W-135, H, and Z. While some of these strains contain nearly all of the genes of the GGI, there are differences in the presence of some of these genes between the strains, including between those of the same serogroup. Attempts were then made to determine the location of the GGI in these meningococci.

Inter-species horizontal transfer resulting in core-genome and niche-adaptive variation within Helicobacter pylori.

Background: Horizontal gene transfer is central to evolution in most bacterial species. The detection of exchanged regions is often based upon analysis of compositional characteristics and their comparison to the organism as a whole. In this study we describe a new methodology combining aspects of established signature analysis with textual analysis approaches.

Identification and description of environmental factors that influence participation of children with cerebral palsy.

Physical, social, and attitudinal environment may restrict participation in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Here we discuss existing/possible approaches in order to identify and describe this environment. We used a critical review of evidence from the World Health Organization Literature Review on Environmental Factors; a search of electronic databases; and talked to specialists in order to find unpublished papers and 'grey' literature.

Participation of children with cerebral palsy is influenced by where they live.

The study aimed to determine whether degree of participation of children with cerebral palsy (CP) is influenced by where they live, as predicted by the social model of disability. Ninety-two per cent children with CP resident in Northern England and born 1991-1996 were entered into the study. Participation was measured by the Lifestyle Assessment Score and its six component domain scores.