Quantitation of Butyrylcarnitine, Isobutyrylcarnitine, and Glutarylcarnitine in Urine Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS).

Acylcarnitines are formed when an acyl group is transferred from coenzyme A to a molecule of L-carnitine. In organic acidemias, and in fatty acid oxidation disorders, specific acylcarnitine species accumulate in a pattern that is characteristic for each disease. For this reason, acylcarnitine analysis is widely used for screening and diagnosis of inherited disorders of metabolism.

Effects of cooking techniques on fatty acid and oxylipin content of farmed rainbow trout ().

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various cooking techniques on the fatty acid and oxylipin content of farmed rainbow trout. Rainbow trout is an excellent source of long-chain omega-3 (-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) which have beneficial health effects. Fillets of 2-year-old farmed rainbow trout were baked, broiled, microwaved, or pan-fried in corn (CO), canola (CaO), peanut (PO), or high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO).

Amyloid precursor protein modulates macrophage phenotype and diet-dependent weight gain.

It is well known that mutations in the gene coding for amyloid precursor protein are responsible for autosomal dominant forms of Alzheimer's disease. Proteolytic processing of the protein leads to a number of metabolites including the amyloid beta peptide. Although brain amyloid precursor protein expression and amyloid beta production are associated with the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, it is clear that amyloid precursor protein is expressed in numerous cell types and tissues.

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Inhibition Increases Reduction Potential in Neuronal Cells under Hypoxia.

Recently, we have reported a novel neuronal specific pathway for adaptation to hypoxia through increased fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis followed by esterification into lipids. However, the biological role of this pathway under hypoxia remains to be elucidated. In the presented study, we have tested our hypothesis that activation of FA synthesis maintains reduction potential and reduces lactoacidosis in neuronal cells under hypoxia.

Inhibition of the Serotonin Transporter Is Altered by Metabolites of Selective Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors and Represents a Caution to Acute or Chronic Treatment Paradigms.

Previous studies of transgenic mice carrying a single isoleucine to methionine substitution (I172M) in the serotonin transporter (SERT) demonstrated a loss of sensitivity to multiple antidepressants (ADs) at SERT. However, the ability of AD metabolites to antagonize SERT was not assessed. Here, we evaluated the selectivity and potency of these metabolites for inhibition of SERT in mouse brain-derived synaptosomes and blood platelets from wild-type (I172 mSERT) and the antidepressant-insensitive mouse M172 mSERT.

Brain 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Levels Are Dramatically and Rapidly Increased Under Acute Ischemia-Injury Which Is Prevented by Microwave Irradiation.

The involvement of brain 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in a number of critical physiological and pathophysiological regulatory mechanisms highlights the importance for an accurate brain 2-AG determination. In the present study, we validated head-focused microwave irradiation (MW) as a method to prevent postmortem brain 2-AG alterations before analysis. We compared MW to freezing to prevent 2-AG induction and estimated exogenous and endogenous 2-AG stability upon exposure to MW.

Brain changes associated with thromboxane receptor antagonist SQ 29,548 treatment in a mouse model.

The purpose of this study was to characterize behavioral and physiological effects of a selective thromboxane (TP) receptor antagonist, SQ 29,548, in the C57Bl/6 mouse model. At 6 months of age, male mice were given either sham or drug i.p.

Oxidation-sensitive nociception involved in endometriosis-associated pain.

Endometriosis is a disease characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus and is associated with chronic pelvic pain. Peritoneal fluid (PF) of women with endometriosis is a dynamic milieu and is rich in inflammatory markers, pain-inducing prostaglandins prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2α, and lipid peroxides; and the endometriotic tissue is innervated with nociceptors. Our clinical study showed that the abundance of oxidatively modified lipoproteins in the PF of women with endometriosis and the ability of antioxidant supplementation to alleviate endometriosis-associated pain.

Fatty acid biosynthesis from glutamate and glutamine is specifically induced in neuronal cells under hypoxia.

Hypoxia is involved in many neuronal and non-neuronal diseases, and defining the mechanisms for tissue adaptation to hypoxia is critical for the understanding and treatment of these diseases. One mechanism for tissue adaptation to hypoxia is increased glutamine and/or glutamate (Gln/Glu) utilization. To address this mechanism, we determined incorporation of Gln/Glu and other lipogenic substrates into lipids and fatty acids in both primary neurons and a neuronal cell line under normoxic and hypoxic conditions and compared this to non-neuronal primary cells and non-neuronal cell lines.

Eicosanoid post-mortem induction in kidney tissue is prevented by microwave irradiation.

Previously, we, and others, have demonstrated a rapid and significant post-mortem increase in brain prostanoid (PG) levels analyzed without microwave fixation, and this is not the result of PG trapping or destruction in microwave-irradiated brain tissue. In the present study, we demonstrate a dramatic increase in kidney eicosanoid levels when analyzed without microwave fixation which was mainly accounted for by the 142-, 81-, and 62-fold increase in medullary 6-ketoPGF1α, PGE2, and PGF2α, levels, respectively, while PGD2 and TXB2 levels were increased ~7-fold. Whole kidney and cortex PG were also significantly increased in non-microwaved tissue, but at lesser extent.

A fast one-step extraction and UPLC-MS/MS analysis for E2/D 2 series prostaglandins and isoprostanes.

Prostaglandins (PG) and isoprostanes (iso-PG) may be derived through cyclooxygenase or free radical pathways and are important signaling molecules that are also robust biomarkers of oxidative stress. Their quantification is important for understanding many biological processes where PG, iso-PG, or oxidative stress are involved. One of the common methods for PG and iso-PG quantifications is LC-MS/MS that allows a highly selective, sensitive, simultaneous analysis for prostanoids without derivatization.

A rapid oxygen exchange on prostaglandins in plasma represents plasma esterase activity that is inhibited by diethylumbelliferyl phosphate with high affinity.

Rationale: Fatty acids (FA) labeled with (18) O at the carboxyl group, including oxidized species (FA(18) O), are a useful, low-cost, and easy to prepare tool for quantitative and qualitative mass spectrometry (MS) analysis in biological systems. In addition, they are used to trace the fate of FAs in metabolic pathways including FA re-esterification and lipid remodeling pathways. Although a rapid (18) O exchange on FA(18) O in biological systems has been reported, the mechanism contributing to (18) O exchange has not been fully evaluated.

Baking reduces prostaglandin, resolvin, and hydroxy-fatty acid content of farm-raised Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).

The consumption of seafood enriched in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. Several n-3 oxidation products from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) have known protective effects in the vasculature. It is not known whether the consumption of cooked seafood enriched in n-3 PUFA causes appreciable consumption of lipid oxidation products.

LC/MS/MS method for analysis of E₂ series prostaglandins and isoprostanes.

15-series prostaglandins (PGE₂s) and isoprostanes (isoPGE₂s) are robust biomarkers of oxidative stress, possess potent biological activity, and may be derived through cyclooxygenase or free radical pathways. Thus, their quantification is critical in understanding many biological processes where PG, isoPG, or oxidative stress are involved. LC/MS/MS methods allow a highly selective, sensitive, simultaneous analysis for prostanoids without derivatization.