Posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder in adolescent bipolar disorder.

Objective: Anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD) are increasingly recognized as comorbid disorders in children with bipolar disorder (BPD). This study explores the relationship between BPD, PTSD, and SUD in a cohort of BPD and non-BPD adolescents.

Methods: We studied 105 adolescents with BPD and 98 non-mood-disordered adolescent controls.

Further evidence of an association between adolescent bipolar disorder with smoking and substance use disorders: a controlled study.

Although previous work suggests that juvenile onset bipolar disorder increases risk for substance use disorders and cigarette smoking, the literature on the subject is limited. We evaluated the association of risk for substance use disorders and cigarette smoking with bipolar disorder in adolescents in a case-control study of adolescents with bipolar disorder (n=105, age 13.6+/-2.

Misuse and diversion of stimulants prescribed for ADHD: a systematic review of the literature.

Objective: Recent studies have provided variable information on the frequency and context of diversion and the use of nonprescribed and prescribed stimulant medications in adolescent and young adult populations. The purpose of this systematic review of the literature is to evaluate the extent and characteristics of stimulant misuse and diversion in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and non-ADHD individuals.

Method: We conducted a systematic review of the literature of available studies looking at misuse and diversion of prescription ADHD medications using misuse, diversion, stimulants, illicit use, and ADHD medications as key words for the search.

Association of bipolar and substance use disorders in parents of adolescents with bipolar disorder.

Background: We have previously shown that juvenile bipolar disorder (BPD) is a risk for substance use disorders (SUD). Here we examine the expression of both disorders in families of youth with BPD to evaluate the familial risk mechanism.

Methods: We studied 108 adolescent BPD probands with 187 parents (34 with SUD and 58 parents) and 96 control probands with 177 parents with structured interviews.

Do individuals with ADHD self-medicate with cigarettes and substances of abuse? Results from a controlled family study of ADHD.

Studies report increased rates of cigarette and substance use in youths with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), though the mechanism of risk remains unclear. The present study tests the hypothesis that ADHD individuals "self-medicate" with cigarettes and substances of abuse. As part of five- and ten-year case-control longitudinal family studies of ADHD, responses to the Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI) were examined for evidence of self-medication.