The Acceptability and Usability of Digital Health Interventions for Adults With Depression, Anxiety, and Somatoform Disorders: Qualitative Systematic Review and Meta-Synthesis.

Background: The prevalence of mental health disorders continues to rise, with almost 4% of the world population having an anxiety disorder and almost 3.5% having depression in 2017. Despite the high prevalence, only one-third of people with depression or anxiety receive treatment.

Pharmacy-based management for depression in adults.

Background: It is common for peoples not to take antidepressant medication as prescribed, with around 50% of people likely to prematurely discontinue taking their medication after six months. Community pharmacists may be well placed to have a role in antidepressant management because of their unique pharmacotherapeutic knowledge and ease of access for people. Pharmacists are in an ideal position to offer proactive interventions to people with depression or depressive symptoms.

Identifying research priorities for digital technology in mental health care: results of the James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership.

Digital technology, including the internet, smartphones, and wearables, provides the possibility to bridge the mental health treatment gap by offering flexible and tailored approaches to mental health care that are more accessible and potentially less stigmatising than those currently available. However, the evidence base for digital mental health interventions, including demonstration of clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in real-world settings, remains inadequate. The James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership for digital technology in mental health care was established to identify research priorities that reflect the perspectives and unmet needs of people with lived experience of mental health problems and use of mental health services, their carers, and health-care practitioners.

Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia.

Background: Fluphenazine is one of the first drugs to be classed as an 'antipsychotic' and has been widely available for five decades.

Objectives: To compare the effects of oral fluphenazine with placebo for the treatment of schizophrenia. To evaluate any available economic studies and value outcome data.

Benzodiazepines for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation.

Background: Acute psychotic illness, especially when associated with agitated or violent behaviour, can require urgent pharmacological tranquillisation or sedation. In several countries, clinicians often use benzodiazepines (either alone or in combination with antipsychotics) for this outcome.

Objectives: To examine whether benzodiazepines, alone or in combination with other pharmacological agents, is an effective treatment for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation when compared with placebo, other pharmacological agents (alone or in combination) or non-pharmacological approaches.

Elective delivery versus expectant management for pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis of RCTs.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of elective delivery versus expectant management for women with pre-eclampsia (PE) and to assess neonatal outcomes before and after 34 weeks gestation.

Methods: We searched Biomed Central, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, HMIC, Medline, and WHO trial registry, British Nursing Index, ClinicalTrials.gov, Current Controlled Trials, and Web of Science on 16 March, 2016.

Risperidone versus placebo for schizophrenia.

Background: Risperidone is the first new-generation antipsychotic drug made available in the market in its generic form.

Objectives: To determine the clinical effects, safety and cost-effectiveness of risperidone compared with placebo for treating schizophrenia.

Search Methods: On 19th October 2015, we searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register, which is based on regular searches of CINAHL, BIOSIS, AMED, EMBASE, PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and registries of clinical trials.

Fluphenazine (oral) versus atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia.

Background: Fluphenazine is a typical antipsychotic drug from the phenothiazine group of antipsychotics. It has been commonly used in the treatment of schizophrenia, however, with the advent of atypical antipsychotic medications, use has declined over the years.

Objectives: To measure the outcomes (both beneficial and harmful) of the clinical effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness of oral fluphenazine versus atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia.

Risperidone (depot) for schizophrenia.

Background: Risperidone is the first new generation antipsychotic drug made available in a long-acting injection formulation.

Objectives: To examine the effects of depot risperidone for treatment of schizophrenia or related psychoses in comparison with placebo, no treatment or other antipsychotic medication.To critically appraise and summarise current evidence on the resource use, cost and cost-effectiveness of risperidone (depot) for schizophrenia.

Inpatient forensic-psychiatric care: Legal frameworks and service provision in three European countries.

Laws governing the detention and treatment of mentally disordered offenders (MDOs) vary widely across Europe, yet little information is available about the features of these laws and their comparative advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of this article is to compare the legal framework governing detention in forensic psychiatric care in three European countries with long-established services for MDOs, England, Germany and the Netherlands. A literature review was conducted alongside consultation with experts from each country.

Chlorpromazine versus atypical antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia.

Background: Chlorpromazine is an aliphatic phenothiazine, which is one of the widely-used typical antipsychotic drugs. Chlorpromazine is reliable for its efficacy and one of the most tested first generation antipsychotic drugs. It has been used as a 'gold standard' to compare the efficacy of older and newer antipsychotic drugs.

To tweet or not to tweet about schizophrenia systematic reviews (TweetSz): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Introduction: The Cochrane Schizophrenia Group (CSzG) has produced and maintained systematic reviews of effects of interventions for schizophrenia and related illness. Each review has a Plain Language Summary (PLS), for those without specialised knowledge, and an abstract, which are freely available from The Cochrane Library (https://summaries.cochrane.

Psychoeducation (brief) for people with serious mental illness.

Background: Those with serious/severe mental illness, especially schizophrenia and schizophrenic-like disorders, often have little to no insight regarding the presence of their illness. Psychoeducation may be defined as the education of a person with a psychiatric disorder regarding the symptoms, treatments, and prognosis of that illness. Brief psychoeducation is a short period of psychoeducation; although what constitutes 'brief psychoeducation' can vary.

Perphenazine for schizophrenia.

Background: Perphenazine is an old phenothiazine antipsychotic with a potency similar to haloperidol. It has been used for many years and is popular in the northern European countries and Japan.

Objectives: To examine the clinical effects and safety of perphenazine for those with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses.

Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders.

Background: Long-acting depot injections of drugs such as flupenthixol decanoate are extensively used as a means of long-term maintenance treatment for schizophrenia.

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of flupenthixol decanoate in comparison with placebo, oral antipsychotics and other depot neuroleptic preparations for people with schizophrenia and other severe mental illnesses, in terms of clinical, social and economic outcomes.

Search Methods: We identified relevant trials by searching the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register in March 2009 and then for this update version, a search was run in April 2013.

Horticultural therapy for schizophrenia.

Background: Horticultural therapy is defined as the process of utilising fruits, vegetables, flowers and plants facilitated by a trained therapist or healthcare provider, to achieve specific treatment goals or to simply improve a person's well-being. It can be used for therapy or rehabilitation programs for cognitive, physical, social, emotional, and recreational benefits, thus improving the person's body, mind and spirit. Between 5% to 15% of people with schizophrenia continue to experience symptoms in spite of medication, and may also develop undesirable adverse effects, horticultural therapy may be of value for these people.

Sulpiride versus placebo for schizophrenia.

Background: Sulpiride is a relatively old antipsychotic drug reputed to have a low incidence of adverse effects and an effect on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. This relatively inexpensive antipsychotic drug has a similar neuropharmacological profile to several novel atypical drugs.

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of sulpiride for schizophrenia and other similar serious mental illnesses in comparison with placebo.

Family intervention (brief) for schizophrenia.

Background: Supportive, positive family environments have been shown to improve outcomes for patients with schizophrenia in contrast with family environments that express high levels of criticism, hostility, or over-involvement, which have poorer outcomes and have more frequent relapses. Forms of psychosocial intervention, designed to promote positive environments and reduce these levels of expressed emotions within families, are now widely used.

Objectives: To assess the effects of brief family interventions for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like conditions.

Length of hospitalisation for people with severe mental illness.

Background: In high-income countries, over the last three decades, the length of hospital stays for people with serious mental illness has reduced drastically although considerable variation remains. In lower-income countries this variation may be greater. Some argue that reduction in hospital stay leads to 'revolving door admissions' and worsening mental health outcomes despite apparent cost savings, whilst others suggest longer stays may be more harmful by institutionalising people to hospital care.

Trifluoperazine versus placebo for schizophrenia.

Background: Trifluoperazine is a long-established high potency typical antipsychotic drug used in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like illnesses.

Objectives: To determine absolute effects of trifluoperazine for schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like illnesses compared with placebo.To critically appraise and summarise current evidence on the resource use, cost and economic evaluation of trifluoperazine compared with placebo for schizophrenia.

Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses.

Background: Pimozide, formulated in the 1960s, continues to be marketed for the care of people with schizophrenia or related psychoses such as delusional disorder. It has been associated with cardiotoxicity and sudden unexplained death. Electrocardiogram monitoring is now required before and during use.

Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia.

Fluphenazine, a phenothiazine derivative, was one of the first drugs to be classed as an "antipsychotic" and was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1959. In Britain, it was first used for the relief of anxiety. The American reports, however, were the first to indicate its value in psychotic illness.

Intermittent drug techniques for schizophrenia.

Background: Antipsychotic medication is considered the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia and is generally regarded as highly effective, especially in controlling positive symptoms. However, long-term antipsychotic exposure has been associated with a range of adverse effects, including extra-pyramidal symptoms (EPS), neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), tardive dyskinesia and death. Intermittent drug techniques refers to the 'use of medication only during periods of incipient relapse or symptom exacerbation rather than continuously'.