Analysis of human neutrophils from nasal polyps by single-cell RNA sequencing reveals roles of neutrophils in chronic rhinosinusitis.

Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is characterized by type 2 (T2) inflammation. Recent studies, including our own, suggest that neutrophils are also elevated in T2 nasal polyps (NP) and that elevated neutrophils display an activated phenotype. However, the actual roles of neutrophils in NP pathogenesis in T2 CRSwNP are still largely unclear.

Assessing social vulnerabilities of salivary gland cancer care, prognosis, and treatment in the United States.

Background: Salivary gland cancers (SGC)-social determinants of health (SDoH) investigations are limited by narrow scopes of SGC-types and SDoH. This Social Vulnerability Index (SVI)-study hypothesized that socioeconomic status (SES) most contributed to SDoH-associated SGC-disparities.

Methods: Retrospective cohort of 24 775 SGCs assessed SES, minority-language status (ML), household composition (HH), housing-transportation (HT), and composite-SDoH measured by the SVI via regressions with surveillance and survival length, late-staging presentation, and treatment (surgery, radio-, chemotherapy) receipt.

Influence of Social Vulnerability in Treatment and Prognosis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Tongue.

Objective: To investigate the association of social determinants of health (SDoH) in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in the United States and to evaluate the real-world contribution of specific disparities.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: United States.

Assessment of social vulnerability impact in care and prognosis of sinonasal cancers in the United States.

Social determinants of health interactively influence sinonasal cancer care and prognosis. Housing-transportation and socioeconomic status showed the largest associations with disparities. The social vulnerability index can reveal the social determinants of sinonasal cancers.

Social Vulnerability Association with Thyroid Cancer Disparities in the United States.

As thyroid cancer incidence rises, it is increasingly valuable to recognize disparities in treatment and diagnosis. Prior investigations into social determinants of health (SDoH) are limited to pediatric populations or studies looking at single factors such as race or environmental influences. Utilizing the CDC-social vulnerability index and SEER-patient database to assess the amalgamated, real-world influence of varied SDoH and their quantifiable impact on thyroid cancer disparities across the United States.

Assessment of Social Vulnerability in Pediatric Head and Neck Cancer Care and Prognosis in the United States.

Importance: Prior investigations in social determinants of health (SDoH) in pediatric head and neck cancer (HNC) have only considered a narrow scope of HNCs, SDoH, and geography while lacking inquiry into the interrelational association of SDoH with disparities in clinical pediatric HNC.

Objectives: To evaluate the association of SDoH with disparities in HNC among children and adolescents and to assess which specific aspects of SDoH are most associated with disparities in dynamic and regional sociodemographic contexts.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This retrospective cohort study included data about patients (aged ≤19 years) with pediatric HNC who were diagnosed from 1975 to 2017 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) database.

Patient Perspectives on the Drivers and Deterrents of Antibiotic Treatment of Acute Rhinosinusitis: a Qualitative Study.

Background: Antibiotics are prescribed in >80% of outpatient acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) visits, despite the low incidence of bacterial infection. Previous studies have shown patient expectations are the most robust predictor of antibiotics prescription in ARS. However, patient perceptions are not well known or understood.

Retinoic acid promotes fibrinolysis and may regulate polyp formation.

Background: Patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) regularly exhibit severe nasal polyposis. Studies suggest that chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is characterized by excessive fibrin deposition associated with a profound decrease in epithelial tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Retinoids, including vitamin A and its active metabolite retinoic acid (RA), are necessary for maintaining epithelial function and well-known inducers of tPA in endothelial cells.

Efficacy of an oral CRTH2 antagonist (AZD1981) in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in adults: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a type 2 inflammatory disease of the upper airways. AZD1981 is a selective antagonist of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T helper type 2 and other type 2 cells, including innate lymphoid cells type 2, eosinophils, and basophils.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of AZD1981 in reducing nasal polyp size when added to intranasal corticosteroids in adult patients with CRSwNP.

Is there a role for antibiotics in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis?

Rhinosinusitis is one of the most common reasons for adult outpatient antibiotic prescriptions, though there is little clinical evidence to support this practice, especially for chronic rhinosinusitis. Despite considerable research, the etiology of chronic rhinosinusitis, including the pathogenic role of microbes, remains poorly understood. Rigorous studies of the efficacy of antibiotic treatment of chronic sinusitis are surprisingly few in number and the results are somewhat conflicting.

Elevation of activated neutrophils in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is well characterized by type 2 (T2) inflammation characterized by eosinophilia in Western countries. However, the presence and roles of neutrophils in T2 CRSwNP are poorly understood.

Objective: We sought to clarify accumulation and inflammatory roles of neutrophils in CRSwNP in a Western population.

Health-Related Quality of Life: Longitudinal Analysis From the Time of Breast Biopsy Into the Post-treatment Period.

The physical, psychological, social, and spiritual quality of life (QoL) may be affected by breast cancer diagnosis and treatment, with mixed findings for psychological quality of life and cognitive ability performance. The present study aimed to evaluate QoL in women over 1 year from biopsy for a breast abnormality. Self-reported measures of physical, psychological, social, and spiritual QoL were obtained after biopsy results but prior to treatment initiation (baseline), 4 and 12 months later.

Impact of type 2 targeting biologics on acute exacerbations of chronic rhinosinusitis.

Acute exacerbations of chronic rhinosinusitis (AECRS) are associated with significant morbidity and decreased quality of life. There are sparse data assessing the real-world impact of biologics on AECRS. We sought to determine the impact of type 2-targeting biologics on the frequency of medication use for AECRS episodes.

Geographic Distribution of Otolaryngology Advance Practice Providers and Physicians.

Objectives: Advanced practice providers (APPs), namely physician assistants (PAs) and nurse practitioners (NPs), play an increasing role in meeting growing demands for otolaryngologic services, particularly in rural communities. This study analyzes the geographic distribution of otolaryngology providers, which is essential to addressing future demands.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Prevalence of Bronchiectasis in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis in a Tertiary Care Center.

Background: Whereas chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is associated with asthma, and vice versa, the association between CRS and other lower respiratory conditions is not well-established. Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent damage of the airways, and as many as 45% of bronchiectasis patients have CRS, but the prevalence of bronchiectasis among CRS patients is not known.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of bronchiectasis among CRS patients and to characterize demographic and clinical features of patients with bronchiectasis and CRS.

Mechanisms and biomarkers of inflammatory endotypes in chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps.

Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) is a common disease that is characterized by multiple inflammatory endotypes. However, the molecular mechanisms in CRSsNP are poorly understood compared with those of polypoid CRS.

Objective: Our aim was to identify mechanisms and biomarkers associated with inflammatory endotypes underpinning CRSsNP.

Advanced Practice Providers Utilization Trends in Otolaryngology From 2012 to 2017 in the Medicare Population.

Objective: Nurse practitioners and physician assistants form a growing advanced practice provider (APP) group. We aim to analyze the trends and types of services provided by APPs in otolaryngology.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

A survey of personal protective equipment use among US otolaryngologists during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: Describe current practices and challenges in personal protective equipment (PPE) use among US otolaryngologists during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Study Design: Online survey.

Setting: Academic and non-academic healthcare institutions.

Analysis of Sinus Balloon Catheter Dilation Providers Based on Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data.

Background: The use of balloon catheter dilation (BCD) to treat chronic rhinosinusitis has increased dramatically since its conception, necessitating further characterization of BCD providers and trends in its usage. Medicare data on BCD providers have made it possible to study recent demographic patterns. There has also been an increase in mid-level providers' scope of otolaryngologic practice that is not well defined.

Clinical factors associated with acute exacerbations of chronic rhinosinusitis.

Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is complicated by frequent acute exacerbations leading to significant health care burden and impaired quality of life.

Objective: The objective of this study was to identify clinical factors associated with frequent acute exacerbation of CRS (AECRS).

Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with CRS from January 1, 2014, to May 31, 2016.

Emerging Trends in Nasal Surgery: What Is the Impact of a Bioabsorbable Nasal Implant?

Background: A bioabsorbable nasal valve implant (NVI) was introduced in 2016 as a minimally invasive solution to nasal valve collapse. Historically the introduction of less invasive procedures performable in-office has resulted in an increase in volume. Our objective is to evaluate this trend as it relates to nasal vestibular repair, and its impact on healthcare utilization.

Sample collection for laboratory-based study of the nasal airway and sinuses: a research compendium.

Background: Collection of biologic samples from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is of critical importance to the study of infectious or inflammatory conditions that affect both upper and lower airways. Numerous techniques for the study of ex-vivo samples exist, with specific applications, strengths, and weaknesses associated with each of them. In this compendium we summarize the available methods for collection of primary human samples and incorporate expert discussion of the pros, cons, and applications associated with each technique.

Role of RANK-L as a potential inducer of ILC2-mediated type 2 inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is characterized by type 2 inflammation with accumulation of activated group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and elevation of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). A member of the TNF superfamily (TNFSF), TNFSF15, is known to induce the production of type 2 cytokines in ILC2s. Although ILC2s have been implicated in CRSwNP, the presence and role of TNFSFs in ILC2-mediated type 2 inflammation in CRSwNP has not been elucidated.