A Risk Factor for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Induces Marked Long-Term Anatomical Changes at GABAergic-Dopaminergic Synapses in the Rat Ventral Tegmental Area.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder. However, the core biology of the disorder that leads to the hypofunctioning of the cerebral dopaminergic network requires further elucidation. We investigated midbrain synaptic changes in male rats exposed to repeated hypoxia during the equivalent of extreme prematurity, which is a new animal model of the hyperactive/impulsive presentation of ADHD.

The diabetes annual review in a postal box: A qualitative study exploring the views of people living with diabetes (DiaBox-Qual).

Aim: The diabetes annual review is an important part of clinical care. Non-attendance is increasingly common and associated with poor health outcomes. At-home self-collection of blood tests, urine samples and anthropometric data through a postal box may facilitate engagement.

Egr1 Expression Is Correlated With Synaptic Activity but Not Intrinsic Membrane Properties in Mouse Adult-Born Dentate Granule Cells.

The discovery of adult-born granule cells (aDGCs) in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus has raised questions regarding how they develop, incorporate into the hippocampal circuitry, and contribute to learning and memory. Here, we used patch-clamp electrophysiology to investigate the intrinsic and synaptic excitability of mouse aDGCs as they matured, enabled by using a tamoxifen-induced genetic label to birth date the aDGCs at different animal ages. Importantly, we also undertook immunofluorescence studies of the expression of the immediate early gene Egr1 and compared these findings with the electrophysiology data in the same animals.

Active surveillance for prostate cancer is a shared journey: the dyadic perspective.

Active surveillance for prostate cancer monitors disease progression, with a view to actively treat only if progression is evident. Living with an untreated cancer can negatively impact psychological wellbeing. Partners can influence decisions to convert to active treatment in the absence of disease progression, it is, therefore, important to consider partner reactions and responses to prostate cancer treatment options.

Population immunity to varicella in Canada: A Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) study.

Introduction: The incidence of varicella in Canada has decreased by almost 99% since vaccination was introduced. However, variation in the timing and eligibility of vaccination programs across the country has resulted in some cohorts being under-vaccinated and therefore potentially susceptible to infection.

Methods: We used nationally representative specimens from the Biobank of Statistics Canada's Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) as well as residual specimens from Ontario collected between 2009-2014 to estimate population immunity across age-groups and geography, and identify any groups at increased risk of varicella infection.

Transcription Factor-Mediated Generation of Dopaminergic Neurons from Human iPSCs-A Comparison of Methods.

Dopaminergic neurons are the predominant brain cells affected in Parkinson's disease. With the limited availability of live human brain dopaminergic neurons to study pathological mechanisms of Parkinson's disease, dopaminergic neurons have been generated from human-skin-cell-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Originally, induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived dopaminergic neurons were generated using small molecules.

Supporting self-management of low back pain with an internet intervention with and without telephone support in primary care (SupportBack 2): a randomised controlled trial of clinical and cost-effectiveness.

Background: Low back pain is prevalent and a leading cause of disability. We aimed to determine the clinical and cost-effectiveness of an accessible, scalable internet intervention for supporting behavioural self-management (SupportBack).

Methods: Participants in UK primary care with low back pain without serious spinal pathology were randomly assigned 1:1:1 using computer algorithms stratified by disability level and telephone-support centre to usual care, usual care and SupportBack, or usual care and SupportBack with physiotherapist telephone-support (three brief calls).

The experiences of men on active surveillance for prostate cancer and their significant others: A qualitative synthesis.

Background: Active surveillance (AS) for prostate cancer (PCa) is a monitoring pathway for men with low-grade, slow growing PCa and aims to delay or avoid active treatment by treating only in the case of disease progression. Experiences of this pathway vary but living with an untreated cancer can have a negative psychological impact on both the patient and their significant other (SO). Literature suggests partners are the primary source of support for men on AS, and therefore it is important to consider SO experiences alongside those of the patient.

Neuroproteomic Analysis after SARS-CoV-2 Infection Reveals Overrepresented Neurodegeneration Pathways and Disrupted Metabolic Pathways.

Besides respiratory illness, SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, leads to neurological symptoms. The molecular mechanisms leading to neuropathology after SARS-CoV-2 infection are sparsely explored. SARS-CoV-2 enters human cells via different receptors, including ACE-2, TMPRSS2, and TMEM106B.

Maternal varicella antibodies in children aged less than one year: Assessment of antibody decay.

Objectives: To investigate maternal antibody levels to varicella in infants <12 months of age in Ontario, Canada.

Study Design: In this study, we included specimens from infants <12 months of age, born at ≥37 weeks gestational age, who had sera collected at The Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto, Canada) between 2014-2016. We tested sera using a glycoprotein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (gpELISA).

Mothers' and fathers' attitudes toward stuttering in the Middle East compared to Europe and North America.

Background: Parents play a central role in the treatment of childhood stuttering. Addressing parental attitudes toward stuttering is helpful therapeutically. The extent to which differences in attitudes toward stuttering exist on the basis of sex, geographical region and parental status (e.

Patient perceptions of empathy in primary care telephone consultations: A mixed methods study.

Objective: Clinical empathy can enhance patient outcomes. This study examined patients' perceptions of empathy in primary care consultations delivered by telephone.

Methods: A mixed methods study was nested in a larger feasibility study conducted May-October 2020.

Secreted Amyloid Precursor Protein Alpha (sAPPα) Regulates the Cellular Proteome and Secretome of Mouse Primary Astrocytes.

Secreted amyloid precursor protein alpha (sAPPα), processed from a parent mammalian brain protein, amyloid precursor protein, can modulate learning and memory. Recently it has been shown to modulate the transcriptome and proteome of human neurons, including proteins with neurological functions. Here, we analysed whether the acute administration of sAPPα facilitated changes in the proteome and secretome of mouse primary astrocytes in culture.

Planning and developing a web-based intervention for active surveillance in prostate cancer: an integrated self-care programme for managing psychological distress.

Objectives: To outline the planning, development and optimisation of a psycho-educational behavioural intervention for patients on active surveillance for prostate cancer. The intervention aimed to support men manage active surveillance-related psychological distress.

Methods: The person-based approach (PBA) was used as the overarching guiding methodological framework for intervention development.

Effects of chronic cannabidiol in a mouse model of naturally occurring neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and spontaneous seizures.

Cannabidiol (CBD) has gained attention as a therapeutic agent and is purported to have immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, and anti-seizure effects. Here, we determined the effects of chronic CBD administration in a mouse model of CLN1 disease (Cln1) that simultaneously exhibits neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and spontaneous seizures. Proteomic analysis showed that putative CBD receptors are expressed at similar levels in the brains of Cln1 mice compared to normal animals.

Secreted Amyloid Precursor Protein Alpha, a Neuroprotective Protein in the Brain Has Widespread Effects on the Transcriptome and Proteome of Human Inducible Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Glutamatergic Neurons Related to Memory Mechanisms.

Secreted amyloid precursor protein alpha (sAPPα) processed from a parent human brain protein, APP, can modulate learning and memory. It has potential for development as a therapy preventing, delaying, or even reversing Alzheimer's disease. In this study a comprehensive analysis to understand how it affects the transcriptome and proteome of the human neuron was undertaken.

Assessing Disparities in Medicaid Home- and Community-Based Services: A Systematic Review.

In recent years, expansion of home and community-based services (HCBS) for older adults and persons with disabilities has become a national priority in the U.S. In addition, lawmakers and health-care providers are pursuing opportunities to minimize disparities in healthcare service delivery.

In Elimination Settings, Measles Antibodies Wane After Vaccination but Not After Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: We conducted a systematic review to assess whether measles humoral immunity wanes in previously infected or vaccinated populations in measles elimination settings.

Methods: After screening 16 822 citations, we identified 9 articles from populations exposed to wild-type measles and 16 articles from vaccinated populations that met our inclusion criteria.

Results: Using linear regression, we found that geometric mean titers (GMTs) decreased significantly in individuals who received 2 doses of measles-containing vaccine (MCV) by 121.

Clinician views on optimism and empathy in primary care consultations: a qualitative interview study.

Background: Practitioner expressions of optimism and empathy may improve treatment engagement, adherence, and patient satisfaction but are not delivered consistently amid the challenges of everyday clinical practice.

Aim: To explore primary care practitioner (PCP) views about optimistic and empathic communication in consultations; and to identify behavioural, attitudinal, and/or contextual issues likely to encourage or deter PCPs from practising such communication.

Design & Setting: Qualitative interview study with 20 PCPs (GPs, practice nurses, and primary care physiotherapists).

Neutrophil-vascular interactions drive myeloperoxidase accumulation in the brain in Alzheimer's disease.

Introduction: Neutrophil accumulation is a well-established feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and has been linked to cognitive impairment by modulating disease-relevant neuroinflammatory and vascular pathways. Neutrophils express high levels of the oxidant-generating enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), however there has been controversy regarding the cellular source and localisation of MPO in the AD brain.

Materials And Methods: We used immunostaining and immunoassays to quantify the accumulation of neutrophils in human AD tissue microarrays and in the brains of APP/PS1 mice.

Harnessing Placebo Effects in Primary Care: Using the Person-Based Approach to Develop an Online Intervention to Enhance Practitioners' Communication of Clinical Empathy and Realistic Optimism During Consultations.

Empathic communication and positive messages are important components of "placebo" effects and can improve patient outcomes, including pain. Communicating empathy and optimism to patients within consultations may also enhance the effects of verum, i.e.

Patient and practitioner priorities and concerns about primary healthcare interactions for osteoarthritis: A meta-ethnography.

Objective: To explore primary care practitioners' (PCPs) and patients' priorities and concerns for healthcare interactions for osteoarthritis (OA) in primary care.

Methods: We searched Embase, CINAHL, Medline, PsychInfo (1990 to present) for primary qualitative and mixed methods studies with findings concerning healthcare interactions for OA symptoms. Patient and PCP perceptions were analysed separately then inter-related using a 'line of argument' synthesis.

Epidemiology of norovirus and viral gastroenteritis in Ontario, Canada, 2009-2014.

Background: Norovirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in Canada. The illness causes great morbidity and high societal costs. The objective of this article is to describe the epidemiology of norovirus in the province of Ontario, Canada from 2009 to 2014.