Prevalence and incidence of narcolepsy symptoms in the US general population.

Objective: The objectives of this study are to evaluate the prevalence and incidence of Narcolepsy type 1 and type 2 and to determine the prevalence of narcolepsy diagnosis criteria in the US general population.

Methods: This longitudinal study was conducted in the adult US general population in two occasions. The initial interviews included 15 states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Washington, and Wyoming).

Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Fixed-Dose Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Amphetamine Extended-Release Tablets in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of amphetamine extended-release tablets (AMPH ER TAB) in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In a 5-week forced-dose titration phase, subjects were randomized to either oral double-blind AMPH ER TAB 5-mg starting dose or matching placebo, once daily in the morning. Safety and efficacy assessments were completed weekly.

Neural mechanisms underlying the therapeutic actions of guanfacine treatment in youth with ADHD: a pilot fMRI study.

Twenty-five youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing a Go/No-go task before and after 6-8 weeks of randomized once-daily treatment with either the α₂A-adrenergic receptor agonist guanfacine or placebo. Clinical improvement was greater for guanfacine than placebo and was differentially associated with reduced activation for guanfacine compared with placebo in the right midcingulate cortex/supplementary motor area and the left posterior cingulate cortex.

Altered fear learning across development in both mouse and human.

The only evidence-based behavioral treatment for anxiety and stress-related disorders involves desensitization techniques that rely on principles of extinction learning. However, 40% of patients do not respond to this treatment. Efforts have focused on individual differences in treatment response, but have not examined when, during development, such treatments may be most effective.

Adolescence: what do transmission, transition, and translation have to do with it?

Negotiating the transition from dependence on parents to relative independence is not a unique demand for today's youth but has a long evolutionary history (transmission) and is shared across mammalian species (translation). However, behavioral changes observed during this period are often described as delinquent. This review examines changes in explorative and emotive behaviors during the transition into and out of adolescence and the underlying neurobiological bases in the context of adaptive and maladaptive functions.

Balance training and visual rehabilitation of age-related macular degeneration patients.

Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) experience a large scotoma precluding central vision. In addition, 2/3 of these patients present visuomotor and balance deficits resulting in clumsiness and increased risk of falls. On the basis of previous work demonstrating that visual, vestibular and somatosensory functions involved in balance control can be rehabilitated by training, we attempted to improve these functions by balance training.

Selective attention modulates neural substrates of repetition priming and "implicit" visual memory: suppressions and enhancements revealed by FMRI.

Attention can enhance processing for relevant information and suppress this for ignored stimuli. However, some residual processing may still arise without attention. Here we presented overlapping outline objects at study, with subjects attending to those in one color but not the other.