Inflammatory Effects of the Plant Protection Product Stifenia (FEN560) on Vertebrates.

Plant defense stimulators (PDSs) rely on the activation of plant innate immunity in order to protect crops against various pests. These molecules are thought to be a safer alternative to classical plant protection products. Given that innate immune systems share common features in plants and vertebrates, PDS can potentially cross-react with innate immunity of non-target organisms.

Triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Spergularia marginata.

Phytochemical investigations of the roots of Spergularia marginata had led to the isolation of four previously undescribed triterpenoid saponins, a known one and one spinasterol glycoside. Their structures were established by extensive NMR and mass spectroscopic techniques as 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl echinocystic acid 28-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L- arabinopyranosyl ester, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl echinocystic acid 28-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)- α-L-arabinopyranosyl ester, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-3-O-sulfate-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl echinocystic acid 28-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl ester, and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl 21-O-acetyl acacic acid. Their cytotoxicity was evaluated against two human cancer cell lines SW480 and MCF-7.

New pregnane and phenolic glycosides from Solenostemma argel.

From the aerial parts, pericarps and roots of Solenostemma argel, three new pregnane glycosides (1-3) with two known ones and a new phenolic glycoside (4) have been isolated. Their structures were established by extensive 1D - and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic analysis. The cytotoxicity of all compounds was evaluated against two human tumor cell lines (SW 480, MCF-7), but none of them was active in the concentration range 0.

Microwave-assisted synthesis, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities of new maslinic acid derivatives bearing 1,5- and 1,4-disubstituted triazoles.

In this work, 40 analogs with a natural maslinic acid core (from Olea europaea L.) and various aromatic azides were synthesized. A regiospecific, facile and practical synthesis of 1,5-triazolyl derivatives by Ru(II)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (RuAAC), and mono-, bis- and tri-1,4-triazolyl derivatives by Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) was described.

Steroidal saponins from Chlorophytum deistelianum.

Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Chlorophytum deistelianum led to the isolation of four previously undescribed steroidal saponins called chlorodeistelianosides A-D with five known ones. Their structures were established mainly by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques and mass spectrometry as (25R)-3β-[(β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-5α-spirostan-12-one, (24S,25S)-24-[(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-3β-[(β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-5α-spirostan-12-one, (25R)-26-[(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-2α-hydroxy-22α-methoxy-5α-furostan-3β-yl β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside, and (25R)-26-[(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-3β-[(β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-5α-furost-20(22)-en-12-one. Cytotoxicity of most compounds was evaluated against one human cancer cell line (SW480) and one rat cardiomyoblast cell line (H9c2).

Oleanolic acid and hederagenin glycosides from Weigela stelzneri.

Four previously undescribed and one known oleanolic acid glycosides were isolated from the roots of Weigela stelzneri, and one previously undescribed and three known hederagenin glycosides were isolated from the leaves. Their structures were elucidated mainly by 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis and mass spectrometry as 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 4)]-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyloleanolic acid, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 4)]-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-xylopyranosyloleanolic acid, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)]-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-xylopyranosyloleanolic acid, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 4)]-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyloleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-arabinopyranosylhederagenin 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester. The majority of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against two tumor cell lines (SW480 and EMT-6), and for their anti-inflammatory activity.

A New Aromatic Compound from the Stem Bark of Terminalia catappa.

A new aromatic compound 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-1-O-(4-sulfo)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), in addition to two triterpenoid saponins (chebuloside II, arjunoglucoside II), two triterpenes (arjunolic acid and 3-betulinic acid) and sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside have been isolated from the barks of Terminalia catappa. Their structures have been established on the basis of spectroscopic techniques (1D/2D NMR) and MS. Their cytotoxicity and antiinflammatory activity, together with the antioxidant capacity of compound 1 were also evaluated.

Triterpenoid saponins from the roots of two Gypsophila species.

Two triterpenoid saponins with two known ones have been isolated from the roots of Gypsophila arrostii var. nebulosa, and two new ones from the roots of Gypsophila bicolor. Their structures were established by extensive NMR and mass spectroscopic techniques as 3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-d-glucuronopyranosylquillaic acid 28-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-fucopyranosyl ester (1), 3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-d-glucuronopyranosylgypsogenin 28-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-fucopyranosyl ester (2), 3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-d-glucuronopyranosylgypsogenin 28-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[(4-O-acetyl)-β-d-quinovopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-fucopyranosyl ester (3), gypsogenic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-{6-O-[3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl]-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)}-β-d-galactopyranosyl ester (4).

In vitro inflammatory/anti-inflammatory effects of nitrate esters of purines.

Six purine analogues bearing a nitrate ester group (potential NO donor) were tested on human THP-1 macrophages to investigate their effects on the inflammatory response. Only three analogues increased the basal level of IL-1β. Two analogues exacerbated the inflammatory response induced by ATP but not that induced by H2O2.

Triterpenoid saponins from Polycarpaea corymbosa Lamk. var. eriantha Hochst.

Four triterpenoid saponins (1-4) were isolated from Polycarpaea corymbosa Lamk. var. eriantha Hochst along with the known apoanagallosaponin IV (5).

Acylated oleanane-type saponins from Ganophyllum giganteum.

Five oleanane-type saponins, 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosylzanhic acid 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-(4-O-acetyl)-β-D-fucopyranosyl ester (1), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosylzanhic acid 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-(4-O-acetyl)-β-D-fucopyranosyl ester (2), zanhic acid 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-(4-O-acetyl)-β-D-fucopyranosyl ester (3), zanhic acid 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-4-O-[(3'-hydroxy-2'-methyl-butyroyloxy)-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-butyroyloxy]-β-D-fucopyranosyl ester (4), medicagenic acid 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-4-O-[(3'-hydroxy-2'-methyl-butyroyloxy)-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-butyroyloxy]-β-D-fucopyranosyl ester (5), were isolated from the root barks of Ganophyllum giganteum. Compounds 4 and 5 possessed an unusual substitution of the C-4 position of the β-D-fucopyranosyl moiety by a C10 ester group formed by two symmetrical C5 nilic acid. From a chemotaxonomic point of view, their structures are in accordance with the previous saponins isolated from the Doratoxyleae tribe of the Sapindaceae family.

Cytotoxic steroidal glycosides from Allium flavum.

Three new spirostane-type glycosides (1-3) were isolated from the whole plant of Allium flavum. Their structures were elucidated mainly by 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis and mass spectrometry as (20S,25R)-2α-hydroxyspirost-5-en-3β-yl O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-[β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (1), (20S,25R)-2α-hydroxyspirost-5-en-3β-yl O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (2), and (20S,25R)-spirost-5-en-3β-yl O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (3). The three saponins were evaluated for cytotoxicity against a human cancer cell line (colorectal SW480).

New triterpenoid estersaponins from the root barks of Pittosporum verticillatum subsp. verticillatum and evaluation of cytotoxicities.

The phytochemical investigation of the root barks of Pittosporum verticillatum Bojer subsp. verticillatum led to the isolation of three new triterpene saponins, 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)]-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-21-O-(2-acetoxy-2-methylbutanoyl)-R1-barrigenol (1), 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)]-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-21-O-(2-acetoxy-2-methylbutanoyl)-28-O-acetyl-R1-barrigenol (2), 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)]-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-21-O-β,β-dimethylacryloyl-22-O-angeloyl-R1-barrigenol (3), and one known saponin senaciapittoside B (4). Their structures were elucidated mainly by 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy and HRESIMS.

Steroidal saponins from Dracaena marginata.

Three new steroidal saponins and ten known ones were isolated from the bark of Dracaena marginata, along with two known steroidal saponins from the roots. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR experiments and mass spectrometry as (25R)-26-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)3beta,22alpha-dihydroxyfurost-5-en-1beta-yl O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 --> 4)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1), (25R)-26-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3beta,22alpha-dihydroxyfurost-5-en-1beta-yl O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-4-O-sulfo-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside (2), and (25S)-3beta-hydroxyspirost-5-en-1beta-yl O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-4-O-sulfo-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside (3).

Solanum incanum and S. heteracanthum as sources of biologically active steroid glycosides: confirmation of their synonymy.

A new spirostanol saponin (1), along with four known saponins, dioscin (2), protodioscin (3), methyl-protodioscin (4), and indioside D (5), and one known steroid glycoalkaloid solamargine (6) were isolated from the two synonymous species, Solanum incanum and S. heteracanthum. The structure of the new saponin was established as (23S,25R)-spirost-5-en-3β,23-diol 3-O-{β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-[O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside}, by using a combination of 1D and 2D NMR techniques including (1)H, (13)C, COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, HSQC and HMBC experiments and by mass spectrometry.

Postnatal overfeeding in rats leads to moderate overweight and to cardiometabolic and oxidative alterations in adulthood.

In contrast to the masses of data on obesity, few data are available concerning the cardiometabolic and oxidative consequences of moderate overweight. The model of postnatal overfeeding (OF) induces an increase in body weight at weaning that remains during adult life. Litters of Wistar rats were either maintained at 12 pups (normal-fed group, NF), or reduced to 3 pups at birth in order to induce OF.

General oxidative stress during doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: absence of cardioprotection and low antioxidant efficiency of alpha-lipoic acid.

To evaluate the effects of alpha-lipoic acid (AL) in a model of doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity, male Wistar rats were treated with DOX (1 mg/kg/d; 10 d) in combination or not with AL (50 mg/kg/d; 15 d). Plasma oxidative stress was determined by hydroperoxides (ROOH) and the ascorbyl radical/ascorbate ratio. One and two months later, the functional parameters of the hearts were determined in vivo by catheterization and cardiac oxidative stress was assessed by malonedialdehyde (MDA) and O₂*⁻ (dihydroethidium fluorescence) content in tissue.

Effect of a chronic cholesterol-rich diet on vascular structure and oxidative stress in LDLR-/- mice.

Aims: There is conflicting evidence regarding the relationship between hypercholesterolemia and oxidative stress in vessels. To test the potential relationship, a mouse model of hypercholesterolemia was used.

Methods: Low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLR(-/-)) and control (C57Bl/6) mice were fed a normal or (1.

A cholesterol-rich diet improves resistance to ischemic insult in mouse hearts but suppresses the beneficial effect of post-conditioning.

Background: Conflicting evidence is reported about the beneficial effects of post-conditioning (Post-C) in pathologic conditions. A pathologic mouse model of hypercholesterolemia was used. The study examined the effect of Post-Con cardiac recovery after the ischemia-reperfusion sequence and the effect of Post-Con on low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLR(-/-)) mice and control animals.

Rapeseed protein in a high-fat mixed meal alleviates postprandial systemic and vascular oxidative stress and prevents vascular endothelial dysfunction in healthy rats.

High-saturated fat and high-sucrose meals induce vascular endothelial dysfunction, the early hallmark of atherogenesis. The impact of dietary protein on vascular homeostasis remains misunderstood. In this study, we investigated whether rapeseed protein, an emergent arginine- and cysteine-rich protein, can acutely modulate the onset of adverse effects induced by a high-saturated fat meal (HFM).

Whole-body basal nitric oxide production is impaired in postprandial endothelial dysfunction in healthy rats.

In healthy humans, a high-saturated-fat/high-sucrose meal induces vascular endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark of atherogenesis. This transient dysfunction indicates a loss in nitric oxide (NO) production and/or bioactivity in the vasculature but it remains unknown if this is the local manifestation of a general impairment in NO pathway in the postprandial state. Here, we studied whole-body NO production and systemic NO bioactivity in postprandial endothelial dysfunction, as induced by a high-saturated-fat, high-sucrose meal.

Are Zucker obese rats a useful model for cardiovascular complications in metabolic syndrome? Physical, biochemical and oxidative stress considerations.

We wondered if Zucker obese (ZO) rats would be a good experimental model to evaluate cardiovascular complications of metabolic syndrome (MS). ZO rats were compared with both their littermate controls, Zucker lean (ZL) rats and to Wistar rats (reference strain). We designed this work:(i) to measure certain physical and biochemical characteristics of MS; (ii) to evaluate coronary and cardiac function in isolated conditions and after ischemia; and (iii) to study plasma and heart tissue oxidative stress markers.

Beneficial effects of myocardial postconditioning are associated with reduced oxidative stress in a senescent mouse model.

Background: There is at present a tragic lack of organs available for transplantation. This has led to the harvesting of hearts from older donors. Unfortunately, hearts from such donors are much more sensitive to ischemic insult.

Anti-hypertensive effects of Rosuvastatin are associated with decreased inflammation and oxidative stress markers in hypertensive rats.

Among their pleiotropic effects, statins exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate in normotensive (WKY) and in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) the effect of rosuvastatin (ROSU) treatment on (1) plasma inflammation markers and endogenous NO synthase inhibitor (ADMA) levels, (2) reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by circulating leukocytes and (3) vascular oxidative stress and tissue inflammation markers. Plasma cytokines were higher in SHR than in WKY, except for IL-4, which was lower in SHR than in WKY.