Drinking pattern and time lag of alcohol consumption with colorectal cancer risk in US men and women.

Background: Association between light to moderate alcohol consumption and colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence remains understudied, especially regarding drinking pattern, beverage type and temporal aspects.

Methods: Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for time to CRC diagnosis were estimated among 137,710 participants. Estimates based on remote (eg, >10 years before follow-up) and recent (eg, the preceding 10 years before follow-up) alcohol intake, using different cutoffs (eg, 8, 10, 12 years, etc) and mutual adjustment, enabled separating independent effects and investigating time lag of alcohol-CRC association.

High-quality fruit and vegetable characterized by cardiometabolic biomarkers and its relation to major chronic disease risk: results from 3 prospective United States cohort studies.

Background: The current guidelines recommend a specified total serving of fruits and vegetables (FV). However, how differences in their nutritional quality of specific FV influence overall health remains unclear.

Objectives: To identify high-quality FV using 14 cardiometabolic biomarkers, and assess their consumption, alongside overall FV intake, with chronic disease risk.

Dietary Fiber Intake and Risk of Advanced and Aggressive Forms of Prostate Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of 15 Prospective Cohort Studies.

Background: Evidence of an association between dietary fiber intake and risk of advanced and aggressive forms of prostate cancer (PC) and PC mortality is limited.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine associations between intakes of dietary fiber overall and by food source and risk of advanced and aggressive forms of PC.

Design: The study design was a pooled analysis of the primary data from 15 cohorts in 3 continents.

Partial substitution of red meat or processed meat with plant-based foods and the risk of colorectal cancer.

Objectives: Shifting from animal-based to plant-based diets could reduce colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence. Currently, the impacts of these dietary shifts on CRC risk are ill-defined. Therefore, we examined partial substitutions of red or processed meat with whole grains, vegetables, fruits or a combination of these in relation to CRC risk in Finnish adults.

The effects of glycemic index on prostate cancer progression in a xenograft mouse model.

Background: Previously, we found low-carbohydrate diets slowed prostate cancer (PC) growth and increased survival vs. a Western diet in mice, by inhibiting the insulin/IGF-1 axis. Thus, we tested whether modifying carbohydrate quality to lower glycemic index (GI) without changing quantity results in similar benefits as with reduced quantity.

Lifetime dairy product consumption and breast cancer risk: a prospective cohort study by tumor subtypes.

Background: Previous literature on dairy products and risk of breast cancer is inconsistent, and the relationship may depend on the life-period of dietary assessment.

Objective: We examined dairy consumption from adolescence through later adulthood and incidence of breast cancer by menopausal status and tumor molecular subtypes in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), a prospective cohort study.

Methods: We analyzed data from 63,847 females in the NHS collected from 1980 to 2018.

Associations of Dietary Inflammatory Potential with Esophageal Precancerous Lesions and Esophageal Squamous-Cell Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Chronic inflammation plays a central role in the progression from esophageal precancerous lesions (EPLs) to esophageal squamous-cell cancer (ESCC). However, few studies have investigated the relationship between the overall inflammatory potential of diets and EPLs and ESCC. We aimed to study the association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and EPLs and ESCC.

Moderate alcohol consumption, types of beverages and drinking pattern with cardiometabolic biomarkers in three cohorts of US men and women.

Underlying mechanisms of the inverse relationship between moderate alcohol consumption and cardiometabolic disorders are unclear. Modification by types of alcoholic beverages consumed and drinking pattern remains understudied. We aimed to provide insight into the mechanisms by examining 14 insulinemic/glycemic, inflammatory and lipid markers.

Association between use of vitamin and mineral supplement and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in hypertensive adults.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common hepatic metabolic disorder in hypertensive adults. Impaired metabolism of micronutrients may increase NAFLD risk by exacerbating oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and inflammation among hypertensive adults. In this first cross-sectional analysis of 7,376 hypertensive adults with 2,015 NAFLD cases in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, vitamin and mineral supplements (VMS) use was identified via questionnaire.

Different operationalizations of the 2018 WCRF/AICR cancer prevention recommendations and risk of cancer.

Background: The standardized scoring system assessing adherence to the 2018 World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)/American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) cancer prevention recommendations assigns equal weight for each recommendation, thereby giving higher weight to dietary factors collectively (5 points) than adiposity (1 point) and physical activity (1 point). An alternative score assigning equal weights to the adiposity, physical activity, alcohol, and other dietary (composite) recommendations may better predict cancer associations.

Methods: We examined associations between standardized and alternative scores with cancer risk in two US prospective cohorts.

Pre-diagnostic cigarette smoking and risk of second primary cancer: The Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study.

Enhanced survival following a diagnosis of cancer has led to a steep rise in the number of individuals diagnosed with a second primary cancer. We examined the association between pre-cancer cigarette smoking and risk of second cancer in 9785 participants diagnosed with first invasive cancer after enrolment in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. Follow-up was from date of first invasive cancer until diagnosis of second primary invasive cancer, death, or 31 July 2019, whichever came first.

Influence of analytic methods, data sources, and repeated measurements on the population attributable fraction of lifestyle risk factors.

Population attributable risk (PAR%) reflects the preventable fraction of disease. However, PAR% estimates of cancer have shown large variation across populations, methods, data sources, and timing of measurements. Three statistical methods to estimate PAR% were identified from a systematic literature review: the Levin's formula, the comparative incidence rate method, and the comparative risk assessment method.

Specific botanical groups of fruit and vegetable consumption and liver cancer and chronic liver disease mortality: a prospective cohort study.

Background: Beyond alcohol and coffee, the relationship between other dietary factors, including specific vegetables and fruits, and liver outcomes remains poorly understood.

Objective: To evaluate the associations between fruit and vegetable intake with the risk of liver cancer and chronic liver disease (CLD) mortality.

Methods: This study was based on the National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study, including 485,403 participants aged 50-71 y from 1995 to 1996.

Circulating vitamin D and breast cancer risk: an international pooling project of 17 cohorts.

Laboratory and animal research support a protective role for vitamin D in breast carcinogenesis, but epidemiologic studies have been inconclusive. To examine comprehensively the relationship of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] to subsequent breast cancer incidence, we harmonized and pooled participant-level data from 10 U.S.

Total calcium, dairy foods and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective cohort study of younger US women.

Background: Although colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence is declining among adults aged ≥65 years, CRC incidence in younger adults has been rising. The protective role of calcium in colorectal carcinogenesis has been well established, but evidence is lacking on whether the association varies by age at diagnosis. We investigated the association between total calcium intake and risk of overall CRC and CRC before age 55 years.

Healthy and unhealthy plant-based diets in relation to the incidence of colorectal cancer overall and by molecular subtypes.

Background: Plant-based foods have been recommended for health. However, not all plant foods are healthy, and little is known about the association between plant-based diets and specific molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer (CRC). We examined the associations of healthy and unhealthy plant-based diets with the incidence of CRC and its molecular subtypes.

Long-term diet and risk of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity.

Background: The role of diet on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is emerging. We investigated the association between usual diet before the onset of the pandemic and risk and severity of subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Methods: We included 42,935 participants aged 55-99 y in 2 ongoing cohort studies, the Nurses' Health Study II and Health Professionals Follow-up Study, who completed a series of COVID-19 surveys in 2020 and 2021.

Prediagnosis Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Lung Cancer Survival: A Pooled Analysis of 11 Cohorts.

Background: Little is known about the association between physical activity before cancer diagnosis and survival among lung cancer patients. In this pooled analysis of 11 prospective cohorts, we investigated associations of prediagnosis leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) with all-cause and lung cancer-specific mortality among incident lung cancer patients.

Methods: Using self-reported data on regular engagement in exercise and sports activities collected at study enrollment, we assessed metabolic equivalent hours (MET-h) of prediagnosis LTPA per week.

Sugar-sweetened beverage and sugar consumption and colorectal cancer incidence and mortality according to anatomic subsite.

Background: Recent preclinical research strongly suggests that dietary sugars can enhance colorectal tumorigenesis by direct action, particularly in the proximal colon that unabsorbed fructose reaches.

Objectives: We aimed to examine long-term consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and total fructose in relation to incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) by anatomic subsite.

Methods: We followed 121,111 participants from 2 prospective US cohort studies, the Nurses' Health Study (1984-2014) and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2014), for incident CRC and related death.

Plasma Metabolite Profiles of Red Meat, Poultry, and Fish Consumption, and Their Associations with Colorectal Cancer Risk.

Background: Red and processed meat consumption has been consistently associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), but the association for fish intake is unclear. Evidence using objective dietary assessment approaches to evaluate these associations is sparse.

Objectives: We aim to investigate the plasma metabolite profiles related to red meat, poultry, and fish consumption and examine their associations with CRC risk.

Prospective investigation of herpesvirus infection and risk of glioma.

Glioma is an aggressive neoplasm of the brain with poorly understood etiology. A limited number of pathogens have been examined as glioma risk factors, but data from prospective studies with infection status determined before disease are lacking. Herpesviruses comprise a large family of DNA viruses that infect humans and are linked to a range of chronic diseases.