A comprehensive review on the development of sporadic cerebral arteriovenous malformations: from Padget to next-generation sequencing.

Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a leading cause of intracerebral hemorrhage in both children and young adults. With the continued advancement of science and technology, the understanding of the pathophysiology behind the development of these lesions has evolved. From early theory published by Harvey Cushing and Percival Bailey in 1928, Tumors Arising from the Blood-vessels of the Brain: Angiomatous Malformations and Hemangioblastoma, which regarded AVMs as tumors arising from blood vessels, to the meticulous artistry of Dorcas Padget's embryological cataloguing of the cerebral vasculature in 1948, to the proliferative capillaropathy theory of Yaşargil in 1987, to Ramey's 2014 hierarchical model of vascular development, there have been multiple hypotheses of congenital, developmental, and genetic two-hit theories in the pathogenesis of AVMs.

Management of Acute Central Retinal Artery Occlusion, a "Retinal Stroke": An Institutional Series and Literature Review.

Objectives: Acute central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an ophthalmologic emergency that often results in permanent vision loss. Over 25% are associated with acute cerebral ischemia. In the absence of existing Level I treatment options, this study aims to examine institutional practice patterns and review the literature to develop a formalized approach to the treatment of CRAO in the era of ischemic stroke protocols.

Unexpected occlusion of the contralateral transverse sinus after stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

A woman in her thirties with intracranial hypertension underwent stenting of the right transverse-sigmoid (TS) junction with resolution of the pressure gradient. Due to persisting symptoms at follow-up, she underwent a repeat study showing a patent right TS stent but the non-dominant left transverse sinus, patent on initial studies, was now completely occluded. According to the positive feedback loop hypothesis, stenting of the right transverse sinus should have resulted in a reduction in intracranial pressures (confirmed by post-stenting lumbar puncture), but also an increase in left transverse sinus diameter, opposed to the occlusion seen on venography.