The impact of vaccines for diarrhoea on antibiotic use among children in five low-resource settings: a comparative simulation study.

Background: Vaccines for diarrhoea could have the ancillary benefit of preventing antibiotic use. We aimed to quantify and compare the expected impact of enteric vaccines on antibiotic use via Monte Carlo simulations.

Methods: We analysed data from a longitudinal birth cohort, which enrolled children from 2009 to 2012 from Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Tanzania.

Burden of diarrhea and antibiotic use among children in low-resource settings preventable by Shigella vaccination: A simulation study.

Background: Shigella is a leading cause of diarrhea and dysentery in children in low-resource settings, which is frequently treated with antibiotics. The primary goal of a Shigella vaccine would be to reduce mortality and morbidity associated with Shigella diarrhea. However, ancillary benefits could include reducing antibiotic use and antibiotic exposures for bystander pathogens carried at the time of treatment, specifically for fluoroquinolones and macrolides (F/M), which are the recommended drug classes to treat dysentery.

Implicit Racial Bias Among Dental Hygienists Practicing in the United States.

Provider bias has been shown to be a contributing factor to racial and ethnic disparities observed in health care settings. The purpose of this study was to examine implicit racial bias among dental hygienists. A convenience sample of licensed and practicing dental hygienists within the United States was recruited through email and national dental hygiene social media groups via snowball sampling.

Implicit racial bias among dental hygienists practicing in the United States.

Purpose: Provider bias has been shown to be a contributing factor to racial and ethnic disparities observed in health care settings. The purpose of this study was to examine implicit racial bias among dental hygienists.

Methods: A convenience sample of licensed and practicing dental hygienists within the United States was recruited through email and national dental hygiene social media groups via snowball sampling.

Interactive SARS-CoV-2 dashboard for real-time geospatial visualisation of sewage and clinical surveillance data from Dhaka, Bangladesh: a tool for public health situational awareness.

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, many dashboards were created to visualise clinical case incidence. Other dashboards have displayed SARS-CoV-2 sewage data, largely from countries with formal sewage networks. However, very few dashboards from low-income and lower-middle-income countries integrated both clinical and sewage data sets.

Real-time sewage surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in Dhaka, Bangladesh versus clinical COVID-19 surveillance: a longitudinal environmental surveillance study (December, 2019-December, 2021).

Background: Clinical surveillance for COVID-19 has typically been challenging in low-income and middle-income settings. From December, 2019, to December, 2021, we implemented environmental surveillance in a converging informal sewage network in Dhaka, Bangladesh, to investigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission across different income levels of the city compared with clinical surveillance.

Methods: All sewage lines were mapped, and sites were selected with estimated catchment populations of more than 1000 individuals.

Effect of Biannual Azithromycin to Children under 5 Years on the Carriage of Respiratory Pathogens among Children Aged 7-11 Years.

In the MORDOR I trial, children under 5 years of age were randomized to receive biannual (every 6 months) azithromycin for 2 years in Niger, Malawi, and Tanzania. In 30 Nigerien communities, children aged 7-11 years, who were not enrolled in the MORDOR I trial to receive biannual azithromycin, were assessed for carriage of seven respiratory pathogens. We aimed to see whether there were effects on the carriage of these seven respiratory pathogens among 3,187 children aged 7-11 years living in the 30 communities via nasopharyngeal swabs collected at baseline (N = 1,066), as well as at year 1 (N = 1,019) and year 2 (N = 1,102)-each about 6 months after azithromycin or placebo treatment of children under age five.

Frequency of bystander exposure to antibiotics for enteropathogenic bacteria among young children in low-resource settings.

Children in low-resource settings carry enteric pathogens asymptomatically and are frequently treated with antibiotics, resulting in opportunities for pathogens to be exposed to antibiotics when not the target of treatment (i.e., bystander exposure).

Antibiotic use attributable to specific aetiologies of diarrhoea in children under 2 years of age in low-resource settings: a secondary analysis of the MAL-ED birth cohort.

Objective: To quantify the frequency of antibiotic treatments attributable to specific enteric pathogens due to the treatment of diarrhoea among children in the first 2 years of life in low-resource settings.

Design: Secondary analysis of a longitudinal birth cohort study, Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED).

Setting: This study was conducted at eight sites in Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Nepal, Peru, Pakistan, South Africa and Tanzania.

Clostridioides difficile colonization among very young children in resource-limited settings.

Objectives: To describe the epidemiology and risk factors for Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) colonization among young children in eight low-resource settings.

Methods: We tested 41 354 monthly non-diarrhoeal and diarrhoeal stools for C.

Human papillomavirus vaccine administration behaviors and influences among Arizona pharmacists and pharmacy interns.

This study assessed 27 Arizona community pharmacists' and pharmacy interns' human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine administration behaviors and influences. We recruited community pharmacists and pharmacy interns from a statewide pharmacy conference to complete a 40-item cross-sectional survey. Informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior, the survey assessed pharmacists' HPV vaccine-related behaviors, intentions, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control to vaccinate against HPV.

Administering the HPV Vaccine to People Living with HIV: Providers' Perspectives.

HIV-positive patients suffer disproportionate burden of anal cancer, a disease which is primarily caused by persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) and is potentially preventable with the completion of the HPV vaccine series. Past research qualitatively explored HIV-positive patients' perspectives about the HPV vaccine. However, little is known about their healthcare practitioners' vaccine recommendation behaviors, the strongest influence on vaccine uptake.

Screening for anal cancer precursors among patients living with HIV in the absence of national guidelines: practitioners' perspectives.

Purpose: Immunocompromised populations including people living with HIV (PLWH) suffer disproportionate burden from anal cancer, a rare cancer caused by persistent infection of the anal canal with oncogenic strains of human papillomavirus. In the US, there are no nationally adopted screening guidelines for anal cancer. In the absence of such guidelines, this study explores healthcare practitioners' screening practices for early signs of anal cancer among PLWH.

Measuring the integration of primary care and behavioral health services.

Objective: To perform a factor analysis of the Practice Integration Profile (PIP), a 30-item practice-level measure of primary care and behavioral health integration derived from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Lexicon for Behavioral Health and Primary Care Integration.

Data Sources: The PIP was completed by 735 individuals, representing 357 practices across the United States.

Study Design: The study design was a cross-sectional survey.