Probiotics in dietary guidelines and clinical recommendations outside the European Union.

Fermented foods have been consumed for centuries across many geographical locales and have traditionally been considered healthy foods, partly because of the live microbes contained in them. The concept of "probiotics" further requires that the microbes be defined and their health effects be demonstrated through human intervention studies or other suitable investigations before marketing with corresponding health messages. Here, we review recommendations for fermented foods and probiotics in several countries outside the EU, focusing on food-based dietary guidelines.

Metabolic control and vascular diseases under oral antidiabetic drug versus insulin therapy and/or diet alone during the first year of hemodialysis in type 2 diabetic patients with ESRD.

Introduction: Uremic type 2 diabetic patients on hemodialysis need various types of antidiabetic therapies. The aim of the present study was to identify differences between patients on oral antidiabetic drug therapy or insulin substitution or diet therapy alone during their first year of hemodialysis.

Patients And Methods: Sixty-four type 2 diabetic patients who had started hemodialysis (HD) at our dialysis center between 2003 and 2007 were included in the study.