The establishment of orthopedics in Croatia : The role of Božidar Špišić (1879-1957) and his professional networks.

Božidar Špišić was a pioneer of Croatian orthopedics. In 1908 he founded the first private orthopedic clinic in the entire South Slav region. During the First World War he organized and headed the first orthopedic hospital for the rehabilitation and resocialization of wounded soldiers.

[“CAN ELECTRICITY HEAL”?: HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE BEGINNINGS OF ELECTROTHERAPY IN CROATIA].

In the period from the eighteenth to the twentieth century, electrotherapy was applied worldwide with various incidence and different results. The application of electrotherapy is an indicator of the acquisition and transfer of knowledge from the basic sciences (physics) to medicine and the transfer and adoption of treatment procedures from foreign environments to our own. In Croatia, the earliest information on electrotherapy came from advertising electrotherapy devices in the daily newspapers.

"I would not wait for them to commit crime": Cesare Lombroso's criminal anthropology in Croatia.

Croatia is a Central European and Mediterranean country with a long maritime border with Italy. Throughout history, it was not only goods but also knowledge and medical practices that were exchanged over its borders. Following archival sources, individual informal networks, professional publications, daily newspapers, and public lectures, we aimed to present main channels by which Croatian intellectuals embraced Lombroso's criminal anthropology at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries.

The most reliable guardian of your health: Controversies on the condom's acceptance in the 20th century.

The history of the condom, although repressed or bypassed throughout the centuries, represents an important part of our cultural history. An historical overview on how the condom was perceived by Croatian physicians and how the pharmaceutical industry advertised condoms in the first half of the 20th century is provided. The contributions on contraception in Croatian medical bulletins, as well as the advertisements published in our professional pharmaceutical journals established during the Interwar Period is discussed.

Franjo Kogoj's facebook: a collection of photographic portraits of dermatologists from Kogoj's legacy.

Franjo Kogoj (1894-1983) was the long-standing head of the University Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Zagreb University Hospital Centre, and head of the Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Zagreb University School of Medicine, in Croatia. His collection is composed of 55 framed photographic portraits of world-renowned dermatologists, sometimes dated and signed, as well as 47 acknowledgments and diplomas connected with his memberships in international dermatologic societies. Attention is focused on the collection of photographic portraits.

'Images from our orthopaedic hospital': photography in the rehabilitation of disabled war veterans in Croatia during the First World War.

Purpose: To demonstrate that Špišić's photographs were used as a tool in representing the strategies and public health position of orthopaedics as an emerging medical specialty in Croatia in the period from 1915 to 1917.

Methods: Formal and contextual analysis of photographs included in the book How we help our invalids: Images from our orthopaedic hospital and courses for disabled people, which was published in 1917 by the founder of orthopaedics in Croatia Božidar Špišić (1879-1957), as well as historical documents and articles.

Results: Špišić's 102 photographs cover all phases of the rehabilitation of disabled war veterans and depict them holistically and during typical everyday activities.

Syphilis and Pharmaceutical Industry Marketing Between the Two World Wars in Croatia.

Between the two World Wars, the pharmaceutical industry strengthened its influence within the Croatian medical community. Due to the scarcity of professional biomedical journals in the Croatian language, larger pharmaceutical companies started to publish free promotional journals, magazines, and booklets which quickly became popular. They thus succeeded in creating a broad network of opinion leaders by recruiting physicians as authors, primarily writing on their experiences with application of certain drugs.

["Rave" Factory at the Beginning of Chemical-Pharmaceutical Production Era in Croatia].

The paper presents the development and business of the chemical-pharmaceutical factory Rave PLC, founded in Zagreb in 1922. Based on archival and building documentation, professional and daily newspapers, and promotional material, the formation of the factory complex in the Zagreb industrial zone was reconstructed, its marketing strategy and its impact on the development of domestic drug production and hygiene and sanitary necessities were presented. As an important motive for its operations, the factory emphasized industrial independence, the national features of its business and the promotion of cooperation with young domestic industry.

"Imagine All the People:" Andrija Štampar's Ideology in The Context of Contemporary Public Health Initiatives.

Recently, the World Health Organization launched its Universal Health Coverage initiative with the aim to improve access to quality health care on a global level, without causing financial hardship to the patients. In this paper, we will identify and analyze the ideological similarities between this influential initiative and the work of one of the founders of the WHO-Andrija Štampar (1888-1958)-whose social medicine was built of various normative, sociological and philosophical elements. Our aim is to demonstrate the crucial role of carefully erected and thought-out ideology for the success of public health programs.

"For aging not passively endured, but actively experienced:" on Symposium on Gerontology from 1958.

The subjects of gerontology and geriatrics did not arouse stronger interest among Croatian scholars until the second half of the twentieth century. From 1952 to 1957, a number of Croatian medical experts gave lectures on gerontology at the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts. Based on these lectures, in 1958 the Academy published the first book on gerontology in Croatia under the title Symposium on Gerontology.

Mal de Meleda: A great imitator.

Mal de Meleda is an hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma named for the Mljet Island in Croatia. The lives of those affected by this disease represent a complex situation that encompasses members of a vulnerable group. They require enlightenment and should be approached with awareness, taking into account their overall psychophysical status and the environment of each patient.

[Father and sons: Feller family members in the context of the beginnings of advertising in Croatia].

This paper presents the role of Eugen Viktor Feller, a pharmacist and factory owner, with an emphasis on his marketing strategy in advertising his pharmacy specialty Elsa. Various types of contemporary press and advertising leaflets and packaging were used as a starting point for analysis. The abundance of the collected material provided an insight into Feller's communication strategy of the approach to consumers, comparing advertising in different media and time spans.

[The Black Eagle pharmacy in Petrinja - first civil pharmacy on the territory of Banska krajina].

The Black Eagle pharmacy was founded in 1772 as a branch of the eponymous Karlovac pharmacy and was the oldest civil pharmacy on the territory of Banska krajina. Based on the archival sources, newspapers of the time, and the documentation preserved within the owner's family, its historical background and ownership chronology are presented in this paper. Special attention was dedicated to the Panac family, which led the pharmacy through four generations, from 1822 until 1950.

'They accused me of strangling her': epilepsy and violence debate in Croatia at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries.

Nineteenth-century psychiatry shifted its focus to the brain as the seat of mental disorders. With a new understanding of mental disorders arose the need to consult forensic psychiatrists in cases of criminal acts committed by persons with mental illness. This article focuses on three murders committed by 'epileptics' at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries in Croatia.

[Anthropology of the individual, sex, and race in the works of Fran Gundrum Oriovčanin (1856-1919)].

By analysing his unpublished and published works, we have identified anthropological elements in the studies of Croatian physician Fran Gundrum Oriovčanin (1856-1919) that distinguish him as one of the rare researchers in Croatia who attempted to synthesize cultural and biological anthropology. Gundrum collected comparative data on biological characteristics of various ethnic groups, searched for a connection between biological structures and cultural development, and assessed certain social facts and customs from the perspective of medical teleology. This article presents the four most frequent anthropological issues raised in his work: anatomy and physiology of individuals, ethnic groups and "races"; attitudes on prostitution; Jews as a model of alcohol abstinence; and the "degeneration" of Western culture/civilisation.

[Humanities as a means of survival: the testimony of a Siberian prisoner of war in the First World War].

This article looks into the autobiography of the Croatian chemist and pharmacognosist Antun Vrgoč (1881-1949) entitled My Memories of the World War 1914-1920 and published in Zagreb in 1937. The author was captured in October 1914 and deported to Siberia, where he remained prisoner of war until 1920. Since there are few memoirs describing the life of Siberian prisoners during the First World War, this work is a precious testimony about the attitude towards the prisoners of war, human relations, and the survival of an AustroHungarian army officer.

[FOUNDATION OF THE MUSEUM FOR THE HISTORY OF HEALTH IN 1944 AND ROLE OF ITS FIRST CURATOR STANKO SIELSKI].

The Museum of the History of Health Care in Croatia, as the first such museum in the southeastern part of Europe, was established by the Croatian Medical Association in Zagreb in 1944. Beside Vladimir Ćepulić (1891 - 1964) the head of the Croatian Medical Association, epidemiologist Stanko Sielski (1891 - 1958), was one of the most prominent personalities to be credited for realizing this project. He was born in Gracanica into a family of Polish origin.

[FIRST OPERATION ON OPEN HEART IN HYPOTHERMIA PERFORMED IN CROATIA IN 1957].

On October 25, 1957, the first open heart surgery in hypothermia was performed in Zagreb, at the Department of Surgery, Dr. Ozren Novosel University Hospital (now Merkur University Hospital), in a female patient with pulmonary valve stenosis under the control of the eye and with interruption of venous circulation. It was the first such operation performed in hypothermia not only in Croatia, but probably in the territory of former Yugoslavia.

[Tracing a journal fragment from the World War I].

The paper presents a fragment of the World War I journal, discovered recently to belong to Vladimir Jelovšek (1879-1934) the physician, writer and one of the most prominent editors of Liječnički vjesnik. The journal was written during his attendance at the eastern front from June 1915 to July 1916 beginning with the fall of Lvov and partly following both Brusilov's invasions. On the territory of Croatia the war journals written by medical representatives are very rare.

[Midwives in Brod na Savi (Croatia) in 19th century].

The development of population policy and health legislation as a result of government, the need for more young, healthy, working and military active population, resulted in the education of all health workers including midwives, legal regulation of their work, increasing their number and training of midwifery profession. With the development of this profession conditions of women giving birth, pregnancy and birth control were gradually improved, and thus influenced the birth rate and mortality of the population and the natural growth. On the example of the town of Brod na Savi one can see that it was time-consuming and controlled development of the midwifery profession in the region, which have affected the poor socio-economic conditions, poor climatic conditions, and the presence of the border and the consequent large-scale migration of the population.

The Balkan beam - Florschütz frame and its use during the Great War.

We remember the military medical practice of Croatian surgeon, Vatroslav Florschütz (1879-1967), known for his invention of the traction frame for repositioning bone fracture fragments of the upper and lower extremities. The method, known as the Balkan frame / beam or Balkan splint, was introduced and published in 1911 and used in war medicine thereafter. The memory of this invention adds to our orthopaedic heritage and sheds light on its creator working under the most demanding war circumstances.

[A refined institution was created: which serves to all of the members of insurance in the case of illness: foundation and development of Merkur's sanatorium in Zagreb until 1945].

The historiography of Zagreb sanatorium Merkur, founded by Merkur Insurance Society in 1930 is presented. The research is based on archival sources kept in the State's archives as well as in the National library in Zagreb aiming to identify the opening, building and governing the hospital until 1945. The analysis of the hospital historiography allowed the insight into social insurance development on our territory as well as of Zagreb's population receptivity towards the health institution and the quality of health service in the first half of the 20th century.

The pictogram of the pes planus from the first century AD.

Purpose: This study presents a pictogram engraved into the Marble Road of the ancient town of Ephesus, with a special emphasis on one part of it which represents a flat foot. Although the flat foot is a widespread and common disturbance in all time periods, we were motivated by a lack of its representation within iconographical, historical or other sources.

Method: Aiming to confirm the diagnosis objectively we applied the modern diagnostic methodology, arch index (AI).