Use of cardiac cell cultures from salmonids to measure the cardiotoxic effect of environmental pollutants.

Environmental stressors such as micro- and nanosized plastic particles (MNPs) or crude oil have a detrimental effect on aquatic animals; however, the impact upon the cardiovascular system of fish remains relatively under-researched. This study presents a novel approach for investigating the effect of crude oil and MNPs on the cardiac system of fish. We used salmonid larvae and cardiac cell cultures derived from hearts of salmonid fish and exposed them to environmental stressors.

Knowns and unknowns of TiLV-associated neuronal disease.

Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) is associated with pathological changes in the brain of infected fish, but the mechanisms driving the virus's neuropathogenesis remain poorly characterized. TiLV establishes a persistent infection in the brain of infected fish even when the virus is no longer detectable in the peripheral organs, rendering therapeutic interventions and disease management challenging. Moreover, the persistence of the virus in the brain may pose a risk for viral reinfection and spread and contribute to ongoing tissue damage and neuroinflammatory processes.

Immune responses to Tilapia lake virus infection: what we know and what we don't know.

Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a novel contagious pathogen associated with a lethal disease affecting and decimating tilapia populations on several continents across the globe. Fish viral diseases, such as Tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD), represent a serious threat to tilapia aquaculture. Therefore, a better understanding of the innate immune responses involved in establishing an antiviral state can help shed light on TiLV disease pathogenesis.

In vitro modelling of the influence of alternative feeds (Hermetia illucens, Arthrospira platensis) on the resistance of different rainbow trout populations (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and Yersinia ruckeri.

Replacing fishmeal, a finite resource with high market demand, in the diet of carnivorous rainbow trout with proteins from alternative sources may be a challenge for these fish. Therefore, this study investigated whether replacing fishmeal with protein derived from Hermetia illucens or Arthrospira platensis could promote disease susceptibility in local trout populations with different growth performance. This was assessed in vitro by measuring susceptibility to infection with the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) or the bacterium Yersinia ruckeri.

Immune responses in carp strains with different susceptibility to carp edema virus disease.

Carp edema virus disease (CEVD), also known as koi sleepy disease (KSD), represents a serious threat to the carp industry. The expression of immune-related genes to CEV infections could lead to the selection of crucial biomarkers of the development of the disease. The expression of a total of eleven immune-related genes encoding cytokines (IL-1, IL-10, IL-6a, and TNF-2), antiviral response (Mx2), cellular receptors (CD4, CD8b1, and ), immunoglobulin (IgM), and genes encoding-mucins was monitored in gills of four differently KSD-susceptible strains of carp (Amur wild carp, Amur Sasan, AS; Ropsha scaly carp, Rop; Prerov scaly carp, PS; and koi) on days 6 and 11 post-infection.

Tilapia Lake Virus Vaccine Development: A Review on the Recent Advances.

Tilapia tilapinevirus (or tilapia lake virus, TiLV) is a recently emerging virus associated with a novel disease affecting and decimating tilapia populations around the world. Since its initial identification, TiLV has been reported in 17 countries, often causing mortalities as high as 90% in the affected populations. To date, no therapeutics or commercial vaccines exist for TiLV disease control.

Glass eels and viruses - a lesson learnt from stocking the eastern German Baltic Sea coast.

Concerns about Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1) in European eels, especially due to stocking measures, is increasingly coming into focus and raises questions regarding disease monitoring and prevention. In the past, stocking of AngHV-1-positive eels into waters assumed AngHV-1-free has led to a rapid increase of infected eels in the wild. For this study, a glass eel stocking experiment was conducted in the eastern German Baltic coast from 2014 - 2016.

Occurrence of Antimicrobial-Resistant in Marine Mammals of the North and Baltic Seas: Sentinels for Human Health.

Antimicrobial resistance is a global health threat that involves complex, opaque transmission processes in the environment. In particular, wildlife appears to function as a reservoir and vector for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria as well as resistance genes. In the present study, the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant was determined in marine mammals and various fish species of the North and Baltic Seas.

High Rates of Multidrug-Resistant in Great Cormorants ) of the German Baltic and North Sea Coasts: Indication of Environmental Contamination and a Potential Public Health Risk.

Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria pose a serious global health risk for humans and animals, while the role of wildlife in the dynamic transmission processes of antimicrobial resistance in environmental settings is still unclear. This study determines the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant in the free-living great cormorants () of the North and Baltic Sea coasts of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. For this, resistant were isolated from cloacal or faecal swabs and their antimicrobial resistance pheno- and genotypes were investigated using disk diffusion tests and PCR assays.

The influence of viral infection on cell line characteristics: Lessons learned from working with new cell lines from common carp.

Several factors influence the susceptibility of cell lines to infection by different viruses. These can be related to tissue specificity of the viruses, physiological status of the cells, their differentiation level and their capacity to mount immune responses to combat viral infection. To study the influence of cell characteristics and immune responses on their susceptibility on virus infection, newly developed cell lines from common carp brain (CCAbre), fins (CCApin), gills (CCAgill), and heart (CCAcar) and the established common carp brain (CCB) cells were exposed to the carp infecting viruses cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), carp oedema virus (CEV), and the yet not fully characterized common carp paramyxovirus (CCPV).

Immunological insights into the resistance of Nile tilapia strains to an infection with tilapia lake virus.

The emergence of viral diseases affecting fish and causing very high mortality can lead to the disruption of aquaculture production. Recently, this occurred in Nile tilapia aquaculture where a disease caused by a systemic infection with a novel virus named tilapia lake virus (TiLV) caused havoc in cultured populations. With mortality surpassing 90% in young tilapia, the disease caused by TiLV has become a serious challenge for global tilapia aquaculture.

Don't Let It Get Under Your Skin! - Vaccination Protects the Skin Barrier of Common Carp From Disruption Caused by Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3.

Vaccination is the best form of protecting fish against viral diseases when the pathogen cannot be contained by biosecurity measures. Vaccines based on live attenuated viruses seem to be most effective for vaccination against challenging pathogens like . However, there are still knowledge gaps how these vaccines effectively protect fish from the deadly disease caused by the epitheliotropic CyHV-3, and which aspects of non-direct protection of skin or gill integrity and function are important in the aquatic environment.

Phylogenetic Relatedness and Genome Structure of Revealed by Whole Genome Sequencing and a Comparative Analysis.

is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease (ERM), a serious infection that affects global aquaculture with high economic impact. The present study used whole genome sequences to perform a comparative analysis on 10 strains and to explore their genetic relatedness to other members of the genus. , , and formed a species complex that constitutes the most basal lineage of the genus.

Association of the alga Cladogonium sp. with a multifactorial disease outbreak in dwarf shrimp (Neocaridina davidi).

This study outlines a multifactorial disease outbreak in a population of the freshwater shrimp Neocaridina davidi, with the focus on a rarely described parasitic alga. Within this multifactorial disease outbreak, low but consistent mortality was observed. During microscopic examination, an infection of the shrimp with bacterial and fungal-like agents was diagnosed.

2D-DIGE proteomic analysis of blood plasma reveals changes in immune- and stress-associated proteins following hormonal stimulation of carp males.

In carp aquaculture, hormonal manipulation with an analog of GnRH (Ovopel) and carp pituitary extract (CPE), which act at different levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, is a routine practice to enhance sperm production. Our recent studies revealed that hormonal stimulation of male carp was associated with changes in the seminal plasma proteome, including blood origin proteins. Here, we explored whether Ovopel and CPE could affect the blood proteome of male carp.

Koi sleepy disease as a pathophysiological and immunological consequence of a branchial infection of common carp with carp edema virus.

Gills of fish are involved in respiration, excretion and osmoregulation. Due to numerous interactions between these processes, branchial diseases have serious implications on fish health. Here, "koi sleepy disease" (KSD), caused by carp edema virus (CEV) infection was used to study physiological, immunological and metabolic consequences of a gill disease in fish.

It is everywhere-A survey on the presence of carp edema virus in carp populations in Germany.

Carp edema virus (CEV) is the causative agent of koi sleepy disease (KSD), a serious gill disease affecting common carp, Cyprinus carpio, and its ornamental variety, koi. After recent detections of the virus in various countries around the world, KSD has emerged as a new global disease in carp. However, the prevalence of the infection in carp populations in a given geographical region has not been studied thoroughly.

Antiviral Actions of 25-Hydroxycholesterol in Fish Vary With the Virus-Host Combination.

Cholesterol is essential for building and maintaining cell membranes and is critical for several steps in the replication cycle of viruses, especially for enveloped viruses. In mammalian cells virus infections lead to the accumulation of the oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), an antiviral factor, which is produced from cholesterol by the cholesterol 25 hydroxylase (CH25H). Antiviral responses based on CH25H are not well studied in fish.

Impact of a reduced water salinity on the composition of Vibrio spp. in recirculating aquaculture systems for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and its possible risks for shrimp health and food safety.

Tropical shrimp, like Litopenaeus vannamei, in land-based recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are often kept at low water salinities to reduce costs for artificial sea salt and the amount of salty wastewater. Although these shrimp are tolerant against low salinities, innate immunity suppression and changes in the microbial composition in the water can occur. As especially Vibrio spp.

Water disinfection by ozonation has advantages over UV irradiation in a brackish water recirculation aquaculture system for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).

By keeping tropical shrimp, like Litopenaeus vannamei, in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), valuable food for human consumption can be produced sustainable. L. vannamei tolerates low salinities, and therefore, the systems can operate under brackish water conditions.

Health Surveillance of Wild Brown Trout () in the Czech Republic Revealed a Coexistence of Proliferative Kidney Disease and Infection.

The population of brown trout () in continental Europe is on the decline, with infectious diseases confirmed as one of the causative factors. However, no data on the epizootiological situation of wild fish in the Czech Republic are currently available. In this study, brown trout (n = 260) from eight rivers were examined for the presence of viral and parasitical pathogens.

Effect of disinfection with peracetic acid on the microbial community of a seawater aquaculture recirculation system for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).

When tropical shrimps are kept in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), one of the limiting factors is the maintenance of a sufficient water quality, and therefore, often disinfectants like peracetic acid (PAA) are added to the water either as prophylactic or treatment measure. In this study, PAA in concentrations of 0.1 mg/L, 1 mg/L and 10 mg/L was applied continuously for 56 days to small-scale seawater RAS stocked with Litopenaeus vannamei.

Is humane slaughtering of rainbow trout achieved in conventional production chains in Germany? Results of a pilot field and laboratory study.

Background: Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, is an important fish in European freshwater aquaculture. This industry sector is dominated by small family-owned enterprises located in rural areas. A large percentage of rainbow trout produced by these small enterprises is marketed directly and killed on demand and not processed in commercial processing plants.

Koi herpesvirus and carp edema virus threaten common carp aquaculture in Croatia.

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a very important fish species for warm-water aquaculture in Croatia. All Croatian carp farms are subjected to a surveillance programme for the presence of koi herpesvirus (KHV), causing a deadly disease called koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD). However, there is no surveillance for other viral pathogens of importance like carp edema virus (CEV), a causative agent of koi sleepy disease (KSD).

Antiviral response of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) during tilapia lake virus (TiLV) infection.

Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a novel enveloped orthomyxo-like virus with a genome of 10 segments of linear negative-sense single-stranded RNA. It causes massive mortality of wild and farmed tilapia species and because of its spread in Asia, Africa, South and North America, it is considered a threat to tilapia aquaculture. Here, we have evaluated the possible use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to study immune response and host-pathogen interactions during an infection with TiLV.