Gaseous emissions from brake wear can form secondary particulate matter.

Road traffic is an important source of urban air pollutants. Due to increasingly strict controls of exhaust emissions from road traffic, their contribution to the total emissions has strongly decreased over time in high-income countries. In contrast, non-exhaust emissions from road vehicles are not yet legislated and now make up the major proportion of road traffic emissions in many countries.

A bioengineered in situ ovary (ISO) supports follicle engraftment and live-births post-chemotherapy.

Female cancer patients who have undergone chemotherapy have an elevated risk of developing ovarian dysfunction and failure. Experimental approaches to treat iatrogenic infertility are evolving rapidly; however, challenges and risks remain that hinder clinical translation. Biomaterials have improved in vitro follicle maturation and in vivo transplantation in mice, but there has only been marginal success for early-stage human follicles.

Cuticle chemistry drives the development of diffraction gratings on the surface of Hibiscus trionum petals.

Plants combine both chemical and structural means to appear colorful. We now have an extensive understanding of the metabolic pathways used by flowering plants to synthesize pigments, but the mechanisms remain obscure whereby cells produce microscopic structures sufficiently regular to interfere with light and create an optical effect. Here, we combine transgenic approaches in a novel model system, Hibiscus trionum, with chemical analyses of the cuticle, both in transgenic lines and in different species of Hibiscus, to investigate the formation of a semi-ordered diffraction grating on the petal surface.

Atmospheric conditions and composition that influence PM oxidative potential in Beijing, China.

Epidemiological studies have consistently linked exposure to PM with adverse health effects. The oxidative potential (OP) of aerosol particles has been widely suggested as a measure of their potential toxicity. Several acellular chemical assays are now readily employed to measure OP; however, uncertainty remains regarding the atmospheric conditions and specific chemical components of PM that drive OP.

Fertility preservation in boys: recent developments and new insights .

Background: Infertility is an important side effect of treatments used for cancer and other non-malignant conditions in males. This may be due to the loss of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and/or altered functionality of testicular somatic cells (e.g.

Visualizing reaction and diffusion in xanthan gum aerosol particles exposed to ozone.

Atmospheric aerosol particles with a high viscosity may become inhomogeneously mixed during chemical processing. Models have predicted gradients in condensed phase reactant concentration throughout particles as the result of diffusion and chemical reaction limitations, termed chemical gradients. However, these have never been directly observed for atmospherically relevant particle diameters.

Testicular tissue cryopreservation: 8 years of experience from a coordinated network of academic centers.

Study Question: Is it feasible to disseminate testicular tissue cryopreservation with a standardized protocol through a coordinated network of centers and provide centralized processing/freezing for centers that do not have those capabilities?

Summary Answer: Centralized processing and freezing of testicular tissue from multiple sites is feasible and accelerates recruitment, providing the statistical power to make inferences that may inform fertility preservation practice.

What Is Known Already: Several centers in the USA and abroad are preserving testicular biopsies for patients who cannot preserve sperm in anticipation that cell- or tissue-based therapies can be used in the future to generate sperm and offspring.

Study Design, Size, Duration: Testicular tissue samples from 189 patients were cryopreserved between January 2011 and November 2018.

Fatty Acid Surfactant Photochemistry Results in New Particle Formation.

Organic interfaces that exist at the sea surface microlayer or as surfactant coatings on cloud droplets are highly concentrated and chemically distinct from the underlying bulk or overlying gas phase. Therefore, they may be potentially unique locations for chemical or photochemical reactions. Recently, photochemical production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was reported at a nonanoic acid interface however, subsequent secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particle production was incapable of being observed.

[Using the HEADSSS guide to teach students diagnostic skills in adolescent health Views from students participating in interprofessional courses].

Over the past few years, an interprofessional team of lecturers in Geneva has developed courses entitled « adolescent health and development ». These courses are open to students in medicine, nursing and nutrition, as well as to other interested health professionals. Using vignettes, students who participated in the courses present their thoughts on the use of the HEADSSS interview guide in the diagnostic approach with adolescents.

Mass Spectrometry Characterization of Peroxycarboxylic Acids as Proxies for Reactive Oxygen Species and Highly Oxygenated Molecules in Atmospheric Aerosols.

A significant fraction of atmospheric aerosol particles is composed of organic material with a highly complex but poorly characterized composition. For a better understanding of aerosol effects and processes in the atmosphere, a more detailed knowledge of aerosol components at a molecular level is needed. Peroxy acids might play a significant role in particle toxicity, due to their oxidizing properties, and they were recently found to be involved in particle formation.

Ozone uptake on glassy, semi-solid and liquid organic matter and the role of reactive oxygen intermediates in atmospheric aerosol chemistry.

Heterogeneous and multiphase reactions of ozone are important pathways for chemical ageing of atmospheric organic aerosols. To demonstrate and quantify how moisture-induced phase changes can affect the gas uptake and chemical transformation of organic matter, we apply a kinetic multi-layer model to a comprehensive experimental data set of ozone uptake by shikimic acid. The bulk diffusion coefficients were determined to be 10(-12) cm(2) s(-1) for ozone and 10(-20) cm(2) s(-1) for shikimic acid under dry conditions, increasing by several orders of magnitude with increasing relative humidity (RH) due to phase changes from amorphous solid over semisolid to liquid.

Shikimic acid ozonolysis kinetics of the transition from liquid aqueous solution to highly viscous glass.

Ageing of particulate organic matter affects the composition and properties of atmospheric aerosol particles. Driven by temperature and humidity, the organic fraction can vary its physical state between liquid and amorphous solid, or rarely even crystalline. These transitions can influence the reaction kinetics due to limitations of mass transport in such (semi-) solid states, which in turn may influence the chemical ageing of particles containing such compounds.

Anthocyanin characterization utilizing liquid chromatography combined with advanced mass spectrometric detection.

Anthocyanins are naturally occurring polyphenolic plant pigments. To analyze the anthocyanin content of samples, rapid and reliable methods for separation and detection are needed. In this work an LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS instrument was used to develop a new tandem MS data acquisition strategy for anthocyanin characterization which was subsequently compared to more conventional measurements.

Comprehensive outpatient approach to stroke rehabilitation.

The purpose of this study was to describe the outcome of stroke rehabilitation in a comprehensive outpatient rehabilitation facility. The study consisted of 115 stroke patients, seen during a 3-year period, who were treated with outpatient Physiatric services, physical, occupational, and speech therapies, and social work services. Patient progress was measured by an Individual Functional Profile in the areas of mobility, self-care, communication, and social function.