Electrical impedance tomography monitoring in adult ICU patients: state-of-the-art, recommendations for standardized acquisition, processing, and clinical use, and future directions.

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is an emerging technology for the non-invasive monitoring of regional distribution of ventilation and perfusion, offering real-time and continuous data that can greatly enhance our understanding and management of various respiratory conditions and lung perfusion. Its application may be especially beneficial for critically ill mechanically ventilated patients. Despite its potential, clear evidence of clinical benefits is still lacking, in part due to a lack of standardization and transparent reporting, which is essential for ensuring reproducible research and enhancing the use of EIT for personalized mechanical ventilation.

Time-variant left ventricle models for intracardiac impedance analysis.

Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Thus, critically ill patients require continuous monitoring of cardiovascular indicators, such as the left ventricular volume (LVV). Although continuous hemodynamic monitoring of patients is desirable, due to technical limitations, current measurement technologies either require manual intervention of the physician or only provide inaccurate results.

Progress in electrical impedance tomography and bioimpedance.

. This focus collection aims at presenting recent advances in electrical impedance tomography (EIT), including algorithms, hardware, and clinical applications..

Separation of ventilation and perfusion of electrical impedance tomography image streams using multi-dimensional ensemble empirical mode decomposition.

In the future, thoracic electrical impedance tomography (EIT) monitoring may include continuous and simultaneous tracking of both breathing and heart activity. However, an effective way to decompose an EIT image stream into physiological processes as ventilation-related and cardiac-related signals is missing.This study analyses the potential ofby application of theand a novel frequency-based combination criterion for detrending, denoising and source separation of EIT image streams, collected from nine healthy male test subjects with similar age and constitution.

Breath-by-breath comparison of a novel percutaneous phrenic nerve stimulation approach with mechanical ventilation in juvenile pigs: a pilot study.

About one in three critically ill patients requires mechanical ventilation (MV). Prolonged MV, however, results in diaphragmatic weakness, which itself is associated with delayed weaning and increased mortality. Inducing active diaphragmatic contraction via electrical phrenic nerve stimulation (PNS) not only provides the potential to reduce diaphragmatic muscular atrophy but also generates physiological-like ventilation and therefore offers a promising alternative to MV.

The gamma-variate in contrast-enhanced imaging: a unified view and method from computed to electrical impedance tomography.

Modern medical imaging plays a vital role in clinical practice, enabling non-invasive visualization of anatomical structures. Dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) imaging is a technique that uses contrast agents to visualize blood flow dynamics in a time-resolved manner. It can be applied to different modalities, such as computed tomography (CT) and electrical impedance tomography (EIT).

Pulmonary CT perfusion robustly measures cardiac output in the context of multilevel pulmonary occlusion: a porcine study.

Background: To validate pulmonary computed tomography (CT) perfusion in a porcine model by invasive monitoring of cardiac output (CO) using thermodilution method.

Methods: Animals were studied at a single center, using a Swan-Ganz catheter for invasive CO monitoring as a reference. Fifteen pigs were included.

A physiological model of phrenic nerve excitation by electrical stimulation.

Mechanical ventilation is essential in intensive care treatment but leads to diaphragmatic atrophy, which in turn contributes to prolonged weaning and increased mortality. One approach to prevent diaphragmatic atrophy while achieving pulmonary ventilation is electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve. To automize phrenic nerve stimulation resulting in lung protective tidal volumes with lowest possible currents, mathematical models are required.

Sensor Fusion of Cardiorespiratory Signals Using an Adaptive Kalman Filter.

For unobtrusive monitoring of vital signs, redundant sensors are beneficial to fuse several sensor measurements which can improve the estimation of, e.g. heart rate and respiratory rate.

Shape analysis of training data for neural networks in Electrical Impedance Tomography.

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a cost-effective and fast way to visualize dielectric properties of the human body, through the injection of alternating currents and measurement of the resulting potential on the bodies surface. However, this comes at the cost of low resolution as EIT is a non-linear ill-posed inverse problem. Recently Deep Learning methods have gained the interest in this field, as they provide a way to mimic non-linear functions.

Early Prediction of Neonatal Sepsis From Synthetic Clinical Data Using Machine Learning.

Neonatal sepsis is one of the most serious complications in neonatal intensive care units. Due to the often immature immune system, sepsis-related comorbidities are the major contributors to increased neonatal mortality. The rapid progression of the disease makes early treatment critical for patient survival.

A Physical Phantom for the Simulation of Neonatal Thermoregulation.

Preterm infants are at an increased health risk due to their low maturity. To monitor their health, vital signs are measured using contact-based methods. The adhesive sensors used to detect body temperature can damage the sensitive skin of neonates.

Hardware-in-the-loop simulation of vascular cannula interaction.

Traditionally, the functional development, testing and verification of higher level automation, control and safety functions in extracorporeal circulations systems relies very much on the conduction of animal experiments. This especially applies to functions requiring interaction with the patients physiology. Besides ethical aspects, animal experiments have the disadvantage of higher complexity, limited reproducibility and certain pathological conditions can only be represented with difficulty.

Post-Mortem Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Perfusion Rat Model: A Feasibility Study.

The development of biomedical soft- or hardware frequently includes testing in animals. However, large efforts have been made to reduce the number of animal experiments, according to the 3Rs principle. Simultaneously, a significant number of surplus animals are euthanized without scientific necessity.

On the cardiorespiratory coordination assessed by the photoplethysmography imaging technique.

Cardiorespiratory coordination (CRC) probes the interaction between cardiac and respiratory oscillators in which cardiac and respiratory activity are synchronized, with individual heartbeats occurring at approximately the same temporal positions during several breathing cycles. An increase of CRC has previously been related to pathological stressful states. We studied CRC employing coordigrams computed from non-contact photoplethysmography imaging (PPGI) and respiratory data using the optical flow method.

Evaluation of electric phrenic nerve stimulation patterns for mechanical ventilation: a pilot study.

Diaphragm atrophy is a common side effect of mechanical ventilation and results in prolonged weaning. Electric phrenic nerve stimulation presents a possibility to avoid diaphragm atrophy by keeping the diaphragm conditioned in sedated patients. There is a need of further investigation on how to set stimulation parameters to achieve sufficient ventilation.

Automated Signal Quality Assessment of Single-Lead ECG Recordings for Early Detection of Silent Atrial Fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an arrhythmic cardiac disorder with a high and increasing prevalence in aging societies, which is associated with a risk for stroke and heart failure. However, early detection of onset AF can become cumbersome since it often manifests in an asymptomatic and paroxysmal nature, also known as silent AF. Large-scale screenings can help identifying silent AF and allow for early treatment to prevent more severe implications.

Corrigendum: Evaluation of lung function in a German single center cohort of young patients with sickle cell disease using EIT and standard techniques.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.

SOLVe: a closed-loop system focused on protective mechanical ventilation.

Background: Mechanical ventilation is an essential component in the treatment of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Prompt adaptation of the settings of a ventilator to the variable needs of patients is essential to ensure personalised and protective ventilation. Still, it is challenging and time-consuming for the therapist at the bedside.

Facial thermal response to non-painful stressor in premature and term neonates.

Background: This study is a preliminary clinical investigation with the objective to evaluate the facial thermal response of premature and term neonates to a non-painful stressor (hunger) using infrared thermography (IRT). The development of objective and reliable parameters to monitor pain and stress is of relevance for optimal neonatal outcome and achieving a better management of patient comfort.

Methods: We enrolled 12 neonates ranging from 27 to 39 weeks gestation (median: 34) and aged 3-79 days (median: 13).

A Portable Multi-Modal Cushion for Continuous Monitoring of a Driver's Vital Signs.

With higher levels of automation in vehicles, the need for robust driver monitoring systems increases, since it must be ensured that the driver can intervene at any moment. Drowsiness, stress and alcohol are still the main sources of driver distraction. However, physiological problems such as heart attacks and strokes also exhibit a significant risk for driver safety, especially with respect to the ageing population.

Evaluation of Different Contrast Agents for Regional Lung Perfusion Measurement Using Electrical Impedance Tomography: An Experimental Pilot Study.

Monitoring regional blood flow distribution in the lungs appears to be useful for individually optimizing ventilation therapy. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) can be used at the bedside for indicator-based regional lung perfusion measurement. Hypertonic saline is widely used as a contrast agent but could be problematic for clinical use due to potential side effects.

On quantification and maximization of information transfer in network dynamical systems.

Information flow among nodes in a complex network describes the overall cause-effect relationships among the nodes and provides a better understanding of the contributions of these nodes individually or collectively towards the underlying network dynamics. Variations in network topologies result in varying information flows among nodes. We integrate theories from information science with control network theory into a framework that enables us to quantify and control the information flows among the nodes in a complex network.

Evaluation of lung function in a German single center cohort of young patients with sickle cell disease using EIT and standard techniques.

Background And Objective: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a very common autosomal recessive hemoglobinopathy leading to multiple pulmonary complications that are closely associated with mortality. The pathophysiology of chronic pulmonary involvement is not yet fully understood and no specific therapies are available.

Methods: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to characterize the lung function of children and young adolescents with SCD in a German single-center cohort and to extend conventional lung function testing by the use of a new imaging method.