A feasibility study on AI-controlled closed-loop electrical stimulation implants.

Miniaturized electrical stimulation (ES) implants show great promise in practice, but their real-time control by means of biophysical mechanistic algorithms is not feasible due to computational complexity. Here, we study the feasibility of more computationally efficient machine learning methods to control ES implants. For this, we estimate the normalized twitch force of the stimulated extensor digitorum longus muscle on n = 11 Wistar rats with intra- and cross-subject calibration.

Pulse Shaping Strategies for Electroceuticals: A Comprehensive Survey of the Use of Interphase Gaps in Miniature Stimulation Systems.

Objective: Interphase gaps (IPGs) are among the most commonly suggested pulse shape variations to try to enhance neural stimulation efficiency by reducing the action potential (AP) suppressing effect of an early anodic hyperpolarization. The majority of published literature on the effect of IPGs is based on investigations of monopolar stimulation configurations. However, many contemporary neuromodulation applications including the emerging field of electroceutical devices operate in a bipolar electrode configuration.

Reply to "Energy Optimal Stimulation Waveforms, Or Not: Comments on 'An Investigation of Neural Stimulation Efficiency With Gaussian Waveforms'".

We thank Professors Grill and Wongsarnpigoon for their detailed responses prompted by our recent publication [1] in this journal. We welcome the opportunity we have had for discussion and thank the Editor for his invitation to make this further contribution. We made our experiments partly in the light of the statements in the abstract of their relevant paper [2] that energy optimal genetic algorithm (GA) waveforms "resembled truncated Gaussian curves" and that "if used in implantable neural stimulators, GA-optimized waveforms could prolong battery life, thereby reducing the frequency of recharge intervals, the volume of implanted pulse generators, and the costs and risks of battery-replacement surgeries.

The Effect of Sub-Threshold Pre-Pulses on Neural Activation Depends on Electrode Configuration.

Objective: Published research on nerve stimulation with sub-threshold conditioning pre-pulses is contradictory. Like most early research on electrical stimulation (ES), the pioneer work on the use of pre-pulses was modelled and measured only for monopolar electrodes. However, many contemporary ES applications, including miniaturized neuromodulation implants, known as electroceuticals, operate in bipolar mode.

An Investigation of Neural Stimulation Efficiency With Gaussian Waveforms.

Objective: Previous computational studies predict that Gaussian shaped waveforms use the least energy to activate nerves. The primary goal of this study was to examine the claimed potential of up to 60% energy savings with these waveforms over a range of phase widths (50- [Formula: see text]) in an animal model.

Methods: The common peroneal nerve of anaesthetized rats was stimulated via monopolar and bipolar electrodes with single stimuli.