Phytochemical analysis of Franch. and cholinesterase inhibitory activity of its dihydrochalcones.

One flavonoid (quercetin, ) and three dihydrochalcones (6''---hydroxybenzoyl-davidioside, , 4'--methyl-davidioside, , and davidioside, ) were isolated from the leaves and young branches of Franch. All the structures were identified by comparison of their spectroscopic data (NMR and MS) with those present in literature. In addition, compounds were evaluated for their cholinesterase inhibitory (ChEI) activity, for the first time.

New cholinesterase inhibiting bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Abuta grandifolia.

The phytochemical study of the stem bark and wood of Abuta grandifolia (Mart.) Sandwith led to the identification of four bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BBIQs), namely (R,S)-2 N-norberbamunine (1), (R,R)-isochondodendrine (2), (S-S)-O4″-methyl, Nb-nor-O6'-demethyl-(+)-curine (3), and (S-S)-O4″-methyl, O6'-demethyl-(+)-curine (4), together with the aporphine alkaloid R-nornuciferine (5), all obtained by countercurrent distribution separation (CCD) and identified on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Alkaloids 3 and 4 were new.

Micronutrient-enriched rapeseed oils improve the brain oxidant/antioxidant system in rats fed a high-fat diet.

The main proposal of this study was to evaluate in vivo whether micronutrient-enriched rapeseed oils obtained using different crushing and refining procedures and characterized by different quantities and qualities of micronutrients (optimized oils) could have any beneficial effect on the antioxidant status of the brain. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks. The lipid source consisted of 20% optimized rapeseed oils with different quantities and qualities of micronutrients.

Eicosapentaenoic acid stimulates the expression of myelin proteins in rat brain.

We have previously demonstrated that, in C6 glioma cells, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) stimulates the expression of proteolipid protein (PLP) via cAMP-mediated pathways. In this study, we investigated whether n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can affect myelinogenesis in vivo. A single dose of either EPA or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was injected intracerebroventricularly into 2-day-old rats, which were then killed after 3 days post-injection (p.

Cholinesterase inhibition and alterations of hepatic metabolism by oral acute and repeated chlorpyrifos administration to mice.

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a broad spectrum organophosphorus insecticide bioactivated in vivo to chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPFO), a very potent anticholinesterase. A great majority of available animal studies on CPF and CPFO toxicity are performed in rats. The use of mice in developmental neurobehavioural studies and the availability of transgenic mice warrant a better characterization of CPF-induced toxicity in this species.

Developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphorous pesticides: fetal and neonatal exposure to chlorpyrifos alters sex-specific behaviors at adulthood in mice.

Developmental exposure to the organophosphorous insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) induces long-term effects on brain and behavior in laboratory rodents. We evaluated in adult mice the behavioral effects of either fetal and/or neonatal CPF exposure at doses not inhibiting fetal and neonatal brain cholinesterase. CPF (3 or 6 mg/kg) was given by oral treatment to pregnant females on gestational days 15-18 and offspring were treated sc (1 or 3 mg/kg) on postnatal days (PNDs) 11-14.

In vitro inhibitory effect of aflatoxin B1 on acetylcholinesterase activity in mouse brain.

Growing concern on the problem of mycotoxins in the alimentary chain underlines the need to investigate the mechanisms explaining the cholinergic effects of aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)). We examined the effect of AFB(1), a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus, on mouse brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and specifically on its molecular isoforms (G(1) and G(4)) after in vitro exposure. AFB(1) (from 10(-9) to 10(-4)M), inhibited mouse brain AChE activity (IC(50) = 31.

Developmental exposure to chlorpyrifos alters reactivity to environmental and social cues in adolescent mice.

Neonatal mice were treated daily on postnatal days (pnds) 1 through 4 or 11 through 14 with the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF), at doses (1 or 3 mg/kg) that do not evoke systemic toxicity. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was evaluated within 24 h from termination of treatments. Pups treated on pnds 1-4 underwent ultrasonic vocalization tests (pnds 5, 8, and 11) and a homing test (orientation to home nest material, pnd 10).