A Fatal, Post-Intubation, Tracheoesophageal Fistula.

Despite the use of safer tubes with high-volume, low-pressure cuffs, post-intubation injury is still the leading cause of benign, acquired, tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). Cuff pressure, which is their primary pathogenetic driver, is not routinely monitored as a quality metric. To highlight the devastating consequences, we report this case of a fatal, iatrogenic fistula in a 64-year-old Asian male.

Reappraisal and expected value modulate risk taking.

Decision making is informed by appraisals of appetitive cues and their associated opportunities for rewards. Such appraisals can be modulated by cognitive regulation strategies in order to promote goal-directed choices. Little is known about how cognitive regulation strategies, especially reappraisal, alter risk taking during decision making.