Evaluation of chromane derivatives: Promising privileged scaffolds for lead discovery within Alzheimer's disease.

The chromane ring system is widely distributed in nature and has proven to be a highly potent pharmacophore in medicinal chemistry, which includes the area of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. We report on the development of a gem-dimethylchroman-4-ol family that was shown to give good inhibition of equine serum butyrylcholinesterase (eqBuChE) (in the range 2.9 - 7.

Adenosine AR/AR Antagonists Enabling Additional HR Antagonism for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease.

Adenosine A/A receptors (AR/AR) represent targets in nondopaminergic treatment of motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). As an innovative strategy, multitargeting ligands (MTLs) were developed to achieve comprehensive PD therapies simultaneously addressing comorbid symptoms such as sleep disruption. Recognizing the wake-promoting capacity of histamine H receptor (HR) antagonists in combination with the "caffeine-like effects" of AR/AR antagonists, we designed AR/AR/HR MTLs, where a piperidino-/pyrrolidino(propyloxy)phenyl HR pharmacophore was introduced with overlap into an adenosine antagonist arylindenopyrimidine core.

Parameters for Irreversible Inactivation of Monoamine Oxidase.

The irreversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidases (MAO) slow neurotransmitter metabolism in depression and neurodegenerative diseases. After oxidation by MAO, hydrazines, cyclopropylamines and propargylamines form a covalent adduct with the flavin cofactor. To assist the design of new compounds to combat neurodegeneration, we have updated the kinetic parameters defining the interaction of these established drugs with human MAO-A and MAO-B and analyzed the required features.

Isoquinoline alkaloids from the roots of Zanthoxylum rigidum as multi-target inhibitors of cholinesterase, monoamine oxidase A and Aβ aggregation.

Multifactorial neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are considered a growing public health problem due the rising incidence and low effectiveness of current treatments [6]. Since pharmacotherapy based on a single target has been insufficient for drug development in complex diseases, the emerging multi-target approach is a promising strategy for the search of new anti-AD drug candidates. Herein described natural isoquinoline alkaloids were investigated for multi-target activity on key mechanisms associated with the AD's pathogenesis, i.

Reversible Small Molecule Inhibitors of MAO A and MAO B with Anilide Motifs.

Background: Ligands consisting of two aryl moieties connected via a short spacer were shown to be potent inhibitors of monoamine oxidases (MAO) A and B, which are known as suitable targets in treatment of neurological diseases. Based on this general blueprint, we synthesized a series of 66 small aromatic amide derivatives as novel MAO A/B inhibitors.

Methods: The compounds were synthesized, purified and structurally confirmed by spectroscopic methods.

Search for new multi-target compounds against Alzheimer's disease among histamine H receptor ligands.

Multi-target-directed ligands seem to be an interesting approach to the treatment of complex disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. The aim of the present study was to find novel multifunctional compounds in a non-imidazole histamine H receptor ligand library. Docking-based virtual screening was applied for selection of twenty-six hits which were subsequently evaluated in Ellman's assay for the inhibitory potency toward acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE).

Structural modifications and in vitro pharmacological evaluation of 4-pyridyl-piperazine derivatives as an active and selective histamine H receptor ligands.

A novel series of 4-pyridylpiperazine derivatives with varying alkyl linker length and eastern part substituents proved to be potent histamine H receptor (hHR) ligands in the nanomolar concentration range. While paying attention to their alkyl linker length, derivatives with a six methylene linker tend to be more potent than their five methylene homologues. Moreover, in the case of both phenoxyacetyl- and phenoxypropionyl- derivatives, an eight methylene linkers possess lower activity than their seven methylene homologues.

Ligand-guided homology modeling drives identification of novel histamine H3 receptor ligands.

In this study, we report a ligand-guided homology modeling approach allowing the analysis of relevant binding site residue conformations and the identification of two novel histamine H3 receptor ligands with binding affinity in the nanomolar range. The newly developed method is based on exploiting an essential charge interaction characteristic for aminergic G-protein coupled receptors for ranking 3D receptor models appropriate for the discovery of novel compounds through virtual screening.

Alkyl derivatives of 1,3,5-triazine as histamine H receptor ligands.

This study focuses on the design, synthesis, molecular modeling and biological evaluation of a novel group of alkyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-methylpiperazines. New compounds were synthesized and their affinities for human histamine H receptor (hHR) were evaluated. Among them, 4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine (14) exhibited hHR affinity with a K of 160 nM and behaved as antagonist in functional assays: the cellular aequorin-based assay (IC = 32 nM) and [S]GTPγS binding assay (pK = 6.

Optimization and preclinical evaluation of novel histamine Hreceptor ligands: Acetyl and propionyl phenoxyalkyl piperazine derivatives.

As a continuation of our search for novel histamine H receptor ligands, a series of new acetyl and propionyl phenoxyalkylamine derivatives (2-25) was synthesized. Compounds with three to four carbon atoms alkyl chain spacer, composed of six various 4N-substituted piperazine moieties were evaluated for their binding properties at human histamine H receptors (hHR). In vitro test results proved the 4-pyridylpiperazine moiety as crucial element for high hHR affinity (hHR K = 5.

Selenazolyl-hydrazones as Novel Selective MAO Inhibitors With Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Activities: Experimental and Studies.

The novel approach in the treatment of complex multifactorial diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, requires a development of efficient multi-targeting oriented drugs. Since oxidative stress significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, potential drug candidates should possess good antioxidant properties. Due to promising biological activities shown for structurally related (1,3-thiazol-2-yl)hydrazones, a focused library of 12 structurally related benzylidene-based (1,3-selenazol-2-yl)hydrazones was designed as potential multi-targeting compounds.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel oxadiazole- and thiazole-based histamine HR ligands.

Histamine H receptor (HR) is largely expressed in the CNS and modulation of the HR function can affect histamine synthesis and liberation, and modulate the release of many other neurotransmitters. Targeting HR with antagonists/inverse agonists may have therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative disorders, gastrointestinal and inflammatory diseases. This prompted us to design and synthesize azole-based HR ligands, i.

Synthesis and biological activity of novel tert-butyl and tert-pentylphenoxyalkyl piperazine derivatives as histamine HR ligands.

As a continuation of our search for novel histamine H receptor ligands, a series of twenty four new tert-butyl and tert-pentyl phenoxyalkylamine derivatives (2-25) was synthesized. Compounds with three to four carbon atoms alkyl chain spacer were evaluated for their binding properties at human histamine H receptor (hHR). The highest affinities were observed for 4-pyridyl derivatives 4, 10, 16 and 22 (K = 16.

Novel naphthyloxy derivatives - Potent histamine H receptor ligands. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation.

A series of 1- and 2-naphthyloxy derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for histamine H receptor affinity. Most compounds showed high affinities with K values below 100 nM. The most potent ligand, 1-(5-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)pentyl)azepane (11) displayed high affinity for the histamine H receptor with a K value of 21.

Novel indanone derivatives as MAO B/HR dual-targeting ligands for treatment of Parkinson's disease.

The design of multi-targeting ligands was developed in the last decades as an innovative therapeutic concept for Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. As the monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) and the histamine H receptor (HR) are promising targets for dopaminergic regulation, we synthetized dual-targeting ligands (DTLs) as non-dopaminergic receptor approach for the treatment of PD. Three series of compounds were developed by attaching the HR pharmacophore to indanone-related MAO B motifs, leading to development of MAO B/HR DTLs.

Multitarget-Directed Ligands Combining Cholinesterase and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition with Histamine H R Antagonism for Neurodegenerative Diseases.

The therapy of complex neurodegenerative diseases requires the development of multitarget-directed drugs (MTDs). Novel indole derivatives with inhibitory activity towards acetyl/butyrylcholinesterases and monoamine oxidases A/B as well as the histamine H receptor (H3R) were obtained by optimization of the neuroprotectant ASS234 by incorporating generally accepted H3R pharmacophore motifs. These small-molecule hits demonstrated balanced activities at the targets, mostly in the nanomolar concentration range.

Systematic Data Mining Reveals Synergistic H3R/MCHR1 Ligands.

In this study, we report a ligand-centric data mining approach that guided the identification of suitable target profiles for treating obesity. The newly developed method is based on identifying target pairs for synergistic positive effects and also encompasses the exclusion of compounds showing a detrimental effect on obesity treatment (off-targets). Ligands with known activity against obesity-relevant targets were compared using fingerprint representations.