Host-microbial crosstalk relies on "tuft" love.

How commensals influence intestinal immunity is incompletely understood. In this issue of Immunity, Eshleman et al. demonstrate that microbiota-derived butyrate restrains tuft cell development via HDAC3 modulation in intestinal epithelial cells, showing how microbial metabolites impact intestinal type 2 immunity.

Novel Bacteroides Vulgatus strain protects against gluten-induced break of human celiac gut epithelial homeostasis: a pre-clinical proof-of-concept study.

Background And Aims: We have identified a decreased abundance of microbial species known to have a potential anti-inflammatory, protective effect in subjects that developed Celiac Disease (CeD) compared to those who did not. We aim to confirm the potential protective role of one of these species, namely Bacteroides vulgatus, and to mechanistically establish the effect of bacterial bioproducts on gluten-dependent changes on human gut epithelial functions.

Methods: We identified, isolated, cultivated, and sequenced a unique novel strain (20220303-A2) of B.

The Chelating Ability of Plant Polyphenols Can Affect Iron Homeostasis and Gut Microbiota.

In the past decades, many studies have widely examined the effects of dietary polyphenols on human health. Polyphenols are well known for their antioxidant properties and for their chelating abilities, by which they can be potentially employed in cases of pathological conditions, such as iron overload. In this review, we have highlighted the chelating abilities of polyphenols, which are due to their structural specific sites, and the differences for each class of polyphenols.

Genetic, epigenetic and enviromental influencing factors on the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty.

The pubertal development onset is controlled by a network of genes that regulate the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) pulsatile release and the subsequent increase of the circulating levels of pituitary gonadotropins that activate the gonadal function. Although the transition from pre-pubertal condition to puberty occurs physiologically in a delimited age-range, the inception of pubertal development can be anticipated or delayed due to genetic and epigenetic changes or environmental conditions. Most of the genetic and epigenetic alterations concern genes which encode for kisspeptin, GnRH, LH, FSH and their receptor, which represent crucial factors of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis.

Deletion of TNF in Winnie- Mice Reveals Its Dual Role in the Onset and Progression of Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the best examples for depicting the relationship between inflammation and cancer. The introduction of new therapeutics targeting inflammatory mediators showed a marked decrease in the overall risk of CRC, although their chemopreventive potential is still debated. Specifically, a monoclonal antibody that blocks tumor necrosis factor (TNF), infliximab, increases CRC risk in inflammatory bowel disease patients.

Extra virgin olive oil extract rich in secoiridoids induces an anti-inflammatory profile in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from obese children.

Obesity represents an important public health challenge of the twenty first century reaching epidemic proportions worldwide; this is especially true for the pediatric population. In this context, bioactive compounds from foods are crucial to counteract chronic inflammation as a typical feature of obesity. In particular, extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is one of the most important functional foods exerting, among others, an anti-inflammatory activity not only due to its major (monounsaturated fatty acids) but also to its minor (phenolics) components, as reported in the last years.

The Tower of Babel of Pharma-Food Study on Extra Virgin Olive Oil Polyphenols.

Much research has been conducted to reveal the functional properties of extra virgin olive oil polyphenols on human health once EVOO is consumed regularly as part of a balanced diet, as in the Mediterranean lifestyle. Despite the huge variety of research conducted, only one effect of EVOO polyphenols has been formally approved by EFSA as a health claim. This is probably because EFSA's scientific opinion is entrusted to scientific expertise about food and medical sciences, which adopt very different investigative methods and experimental languages, generating a gap in the scientific communication that is essential for the enhancement of the potentially useful effects of EVOO polyphenols on health.

Interleukin 1β Blockade Reduces Intestinal Inflammation in a Murine Model of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Independent Ulcerative Colitis.

Background & Aims: Inflammatory bowel diseases are multifactorial diseases commonly treated with either immunomodulatory drugs or anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Currently, failure to respond to anti-TNF therapy (assessed no earlier than 8-12 weeks after starting treatment) occurs in 20%-40% of patients enrolled in clinical trials and in 10%-20% in clinical practice. Murine models of inflammatory bowel disease provide important tools to better understand disease mechanism(s).

Correlation between Chemical Characterization and Biological Activity: An Urgent Need for Human Studies Using Extra Virgin Olive Oil.

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is one of the most important functional foods from the Mediterranean Diet due to its beneficial effect on human health in terms of prevention and/or adjuvant treatment of different pathological conditions. The positive effects linked to EVOO consumption are not only due to its major (monounsaturated fatty acids), but also to its minor components (phenolics), whose roles were greatly re-evaluated in the last years. Notwithstanding the huge number of studies demonstrating the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties of EVOO's phenolic compounds, only their antioxidant ability was supported by a Health Claim.

Mechanisms of altered bone remodeling in children with type 1 diabetes.

Bone loss associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) begins at the onset of the disease, already in childhood, determining a lower bone mass peak and hence a greater risk of osteoporosis and fractures later in life. The mechanisms underlying diabetic bone fragility are not yet completely understood. Hyperglycemia and insulin deficiency can affect the bone cells functions, as well as the bone marrow fat, thus impairing the bone strength, geometry, and microarchitecture.

Extra Virgin Olive Oil Extracts Modulate the Inflammatory Ability of Murine Dendritic Cells Based on Their Polyphenols Pattern: Correlation between Chemical Composition and Biological Function.

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) represents one of the most important health-promoting foods whose antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities are mainly associated to its polyphenols content. To date, studies exploring the effect of EVOO polyphenols on dendritic cells (DCs), acting as a crosstalk between the innate and the adaptive immune response, are scanty. Therefore, we studied the ability of three EVOO extracts (cv.

Polyphenol Enriched Diet Administration During Pregnancy and Lactation Prevents Dysbiosis in Ulcerative Colitis Predisposed Littermates.

Neonatal colonization of the gastrointestinal tract depends on mother microbiome, thus mother microbiota dysbiosis is transmitted to the offspring during the delivery and shaped by breastmilk characteristics. Here we used a murine model of UC predisposition (Winnie) to evaluate the effects of maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation. Using heterozygous breeders, we obtained both Winnie and C57BL/6 littermates from the same mother and compared their microbiota at weaning and adult age, using a diet enriched with 1% tomato fruit of a line - named Bronze - highly enriched in bioactive polyphenols, or Control tomato.

Uridine and pyruvate protect T cells' proliferative capacity from mitochondrial toxic antibiotics: a clinical pilot study.

Antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein or nucleic acid synthesis and function can exert an off-target action on mitochondria (mitotoxic antibiotics), making actively dividing mammalian cells dependent on uridine and pyruvate supplementation. Based on this rationale, we carried out, for the first time, a randomized pilot study in 55 patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria or positive sperm culture, each treated with a single mitotoxic antibiotic with or without oral supplementation of uridine + pyruvate (Uripyr, Mitobiotix, Italy). The in vivo and ex vivo data show a a 3.

Dysbiosis Triggers ACF Development in Genetically Predisposed Subjects.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide, characterized by a multifactorial etiology including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors including microbiota composition. To address the role of microbial modulation in CRC, we used our recently established mouse model (the Winnie-APC) combining inflammation and genetics.

Methods: Gut microbiota profiling was performed on 8-week-old Winnie-APC mice and their littermates by 16S rDNA gene amplicon sequencing.

Polyphenols and obesity prevention: critical insights on molecular regulation, bioavailability and dose in preclinical and clinical settings.

Obesity represents one of the most important public health challenges of the 21st century and is characterized by a multifactorial etiology in which environmental, behavioral, metabolic, and genetic factors work together. Despite the rapid increase in prevalence of obesity in the last decades, especially in children, it remains a preventable disease. To battle obesity a multisector approach promoting healthier lifestyle in terms of physical activity and nutrition is needed.

Extra-Virgin Olive Oil from Apulian Cultivars and Intestinal Inflammation.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial intestinal disorder characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation. The etiology of IBD is still unclear, although genetic, environmental and host factors have been associated to the disease. Extra-virgin olive oil (EVO) is a central component of the Mediterranean diet and it decreases chronic inflammation by interfering with arachidonic acid and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Iron Overload Mimicking Conditions Skews Bone Marrow Dendritic Cells Differentiation into MHCIICD11cCD11bF4/80 Cells.

Iron overload is an undesired effect of frequent blood transfusions or genetic diseases. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients become transfusion dependent, but due to the combination of ineffective haematopoiesis and repeated blood transfusions they are often subject to iron overload. In this study, we demonstrate that iron-overload mimicking condition alters bone marrow progenitor differentiation towards dendritic cells (DCs).

A Specific Mutation in Muc2 Determines Early Dysbiosis in Colitis-Prone Winnie Mice.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a multifactorial disorder characterized by chronic inflammation and altered gut barrier function. Dysbiosis, a condition defined by dysregulation of the gut microbiome, has been reported in patients with IBD and in experimental models of colitis. Although several factors have been implicated in directly affecting gut microbial composition, the genetic determinants impacting intestinal dysbiosis in IBD remain relatively unknown.

Administration Timing Is the Best Clinical Outcome Predictor for Adalimumab Administration in Crohn's Disease.

Biological intervention for Crohn's Disease (CDs) patients, mainly using anti-TNF antibodies, is often an efficient therapeutic solution. Nonetheless, data defining the administration timing to maximize the chances of clinical remission are lacking. The objective of this "real-life" retrospective study was to evaluate if early Adalimumab (ADA) administration (<12 months) was an efficient strategy to improve patients' clinical outcome.

Role of Oleic Acid in the Gut-Liver Axis: From Diet to the Regulation of Its Synthesis via Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 (SCD1).

The consumption of an olive oil rich diet has been associated with the diminished incidence of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Several studies have attributed these beneficial effects to oleic acid (C18 n-9), the predominant fatty acid principal component of olive oil. Oleic acid is not an essential fatty acid since it can be endogenously synthesized in humans.

Extra Virgin Olive Oil: Lesson from Nutrigenomics.

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) consumption has a beneficial effect on human health, especially for prevention of cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders. Here we underscore the peculiar importance of specific cultivars used for EVOO production since biodiversity among cultivars in terms of fatty acids and polyphenols content could differently impact on the metabolic homeostasis. In this respect, the nutrigenomic approach could be very useful to fully dissect the pathways modulated by different EVOO cultivars in terms of mRNA and microRNA transcriptome.

Quercetin-Induced miR-369-3p Suppresses Chronic Inflammatory Response Targeting C/EBP-β.

Scope: Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells that play an important role in the crosstalk between the innate and the adaptive immune response. Quercetin exposure is identified as an effective strategy to suppress the inflammatory response induced by LPS.

Methods And Results: In this study, using a next-generation sequencing analysis, the effect of quercetin on microRNAs (miRNAs) expression in DCs is examined.