The coupling protein Cagbeta and its interaction partner CagZ are required for type IV secretion of the Helicobacter pylori CagA protein.

Bacterial type IV secretion systems are macromolecule transporters with essential functions for horizontal gene transfer and for symbiotic and pathogenic interactions with eukaryotic host cells. Helicobacter pylori, the causative agent of type B gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, uses the Cag type IV secretion system to inject its effector protein CagA into gastric cells. This protein translocation results in altered host cell gene expression profiles and cytoskeletal rearrangements, and it has been linked to cancer development.

Helicobacter pylori type IV secretion apparatus exploits beta1 integrin in a novel RGD-independent manner.

Translocation of the Helicobacter pylori (Hp) cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) effector protein via the cag-Type IV Secretion System (T4SS) into host cells is a major risk factor for severe gastric diseases, including gastric cancer. However, the mechanism of translocation and the requirements from the host cell for that event are not well understood. The T4SS consists of inner- and outer membrane-spanning Cag protein complexes and a surface-located pilus.

Protein subassemblies of the Helicobacter pylori Cag type IV secretion system revealed by localization and interaction studies.

Type IV secretion systems are possibly the most versatile protein transport systems in gram-negative bacteria, with substrates ranging from small proteins to large nucleoprotein complexes. In many cases, such as the cag pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori, genes encoding components of a type IV secretion system have been identified due to their sequence similarities to prototypical systems such as the VirB system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The Cag type IV secretion system contains at least 14 essential apparatus components and several substrate translocation and auxiliary factors, but the functions of most components cannot be inferred from their sequences due to the lack of similarities.

Colonization of barley (Hordeum vulgare) with Salmonella enterica and Listeria spp.

Colonization of barley plants by the food-borne pathogens Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and three Listeria spp. (L. monocytogenes, L.

Full-length cDNAs from chicken bursal lymphocytes to facilitate gene function analysis.

A large number of cDNA inserts were sequenced from a high-quality library of chicken bursal lymphocyte cDNAs. Comparisons to public gene databases indicate that the cDNA collection represents more than 2,000 new, full-length transcripts. This resource defines the structure and the coding potential of a large fraction of B-cell specific and housekeeping genes whose function can be analyzed by disruption in the chicken DT40 B-cell line.