Torque differences according to tooth morphology and bracket placement: a finite element study.

Introduction: Torque of the maxillary incisors is essential in esthetics and proper occlusion, while torque expression is influenced by many factors. The aim of this finite element study was to assess the relative effect of tooth morphology, bracket prescription, and bracket positioning on tooth displacement and developed stresses/strains after torque application.

Methods: A three-dimensional upper right central incisor with its periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolus was modelled.