Machine learning for precision diagnostics of autoimmunity.

Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial to prevent disease development and define therapeutic strategies. Due to predominantly unspecific symptoms, diagnosis of autoimmune diseases (AID) is notoriously challenging. Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) are a promising method with the potential to enhance and expedite precise diagnostics by physicians.

Optimizing neuroscience data management by combining REDCap, BIDS and SQLite: a case study in Deep Brain Stimulation.

Neuroscience studies entail the generation of massive collections of heterogeneous data (e.g. demographics, clinical records, medical images).

CSF1R inhibition with PLX5622 affects multiple immune cell compartments and induces tissue-specific metabolic effects in lean mice.

Aims/hypothesis: Colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) promotes the proliferation, differentiation and survival of macrophages, which have been implicated in both beneficial and detrimental effects on glucose metabolism. However, the physiological role of CSF1 signalling in glucose homeostasis and the potential therapeutic implications of modulating this pathway are not known. We aimed to study the composition of tissue macrophages (and other immune cells) following CSF1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibition and elucidate the metabolic consequences of CSF1R inhibition.

Lung versus gut exposure to air pollution particles differentially affect metabolic health in mice.

Background: Air pollution has emerged as an unexpected risk factor for diabetes. However, the mechanism behind remains ill-defined. So far, the lung has been considered as the main target organ of air pollution.

Prohormone convertase 1/3 deficiency causes obesity due to impaired proinsulin processing.

Defective insulin processing is associated with obesity and diabetes. Prohormone convertase 1/3 (PC1/3) is an endopeptidase required for the processing of neurotransmitters and hormones. PC1/3 deficiency and genome-wide association studies relate PC1/3 with early onset obesity.

The cephalic phase of insulin release is modulated by IL-1β.

The initial cephalic phase of insulin secretion is mediated through the vagus nerve and is not due to glycemic stimulation of pancreatic β cells. Recently, IL-1β was shown to stimulate postprandial insulin secretion. Here, we describe that this incretin-like effect of IL-1β involves neuronal transmission.

Specific immune modulation of experimental colitis drives enteric alpha-synuclein accumulation and triggers age-related Parkinson-like brain pathology.

: In some people with Parkinson's disease (PD), α-synuclein (αSyn) accumulation may begin in the enteric nervous system (ENS) decades before development of brain pathology and disease diagnosis. : To determine how different types and severity of intestinal inflammation could trigger αSyn accumulation in the ENS and the subsequent development of αSyn brain pathology. : We assessed the effects of modulating short- and long-term experimental colitis on αSyn accumulation in the gut of αSyn transgenic and wild type mice by immunostaining and gene expression analysis.

Interleukin-33-Activated Islet-Resident Innate Lymphoid Cells Promote Insulin Secretion through Myeloid Cell Retinoic Acid Production.

Pancreatic-islet inflammation contributes to the failure of β cell insulin secretion during obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, little is known about the nature and function of resident immune cells in this context or in homeostasis. Here we show that interleukin (IL)-33 was produced by islet mesenchymal cells and enhanced by a diabetes milieu (glucose, IL-1β, and palmitate).

Pancreatic α Cell-Derived Glucagon-Related Peptides Are Required for β Cell Adaptation and Glucose Homeostasis.

Pancreatic α cells may process proglucagon not only to glucagon but also to glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). However, the biological relevance of paracrine GLP-1 for β cell function remains unclear. We studied effects of locally derived insulin secretagogues on β cell function and glucose homeostasis using mice with α cell ablation and with α cell-specific GLP-1 deficiency.

Tricholemmoma of the eyelid.

Tricholemmoma is a benign cutaneous tumor that shows differentiation characteristic of the outer hair sheath. The usual site of occurrence is the face, including the nose and eyelid. Four cases of tricholemmoma involving the eyelid margin to a variable extent are presented and the clinical and pathologic findings are reviewed.

Insect bites and stings.

This article summarizes the clinical presentation and treatment of common bites and infestations in the United States. A survey of this complex and interesting area of medicine should help the emergency physician to diagnose and treat many patients who present with "nonspecific" bites and rashes.

Ro 20-1724: an agent that significantly improves psoriatic lesions in double-blind clinical trials.

Two double-blind studies comparing the effectiveness of the cyclic nucleotide-altering agent (4-[3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl]-2-imidazolidinone) (Ro 20-1724) vs vehicle have demonstrated that this compound can improve psoriatic lesions. Although Ro 20-1724 was not as effective as intensive occlusive treatment of psoriatic lesions with 0.025% triamcinolone acetonide, Ro 20-1724 had no adverse systemic or cutaneous effects.

Malignant melanoma and its therapy: a review.

Malignant melanoma (MM) is an important cutaneous neoplasm. In classic cases, histologic levels of tumor invasion have been used as indicators of prognosis. Recent research suggests that vertical tumor thickness may be an equally valuable guide to prognosis and also to therapy.

Skin manifestations of leukemias and lymphomas.

The diseases discussed in this paper include chronic lymphocytic leukemia, monocytic leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia, acute leukemias, Hodgkin's disease, and lymphosarcoma. Cutaneous manifestations of these disorders are often sufficiently different to indicate a certain leukemia or lymphoma. The cutaneous manifestations of leukemias and lymphomas may help the clinician suspect the diagnosis.

Basal cell carcinoma: a practical approach to diagnosis and therapy.

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the skin, and the majority of those afflicted are elderly Caucasians with sun-damaged skin. Knowledge of the indications for and contraindications to the various treatment modalities is required in order to choose the proper treatment for each patient. Only long-term follow-up can detect recurrent or new lesions.

Glucocorticoid in inflammatory proliferative skin disease reduces arachidonic and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids.

Psoriasis is a prototype of several common, glucocorticoid responsive, inflammatory proliferative skin diseases. Within 28 hours, glucocorticoid reduced the increased concentration of free arachidonic acid in diseased tissue. This reduction was observed prior to visible improvement of disease and may be an important molecular mechanism for the therapeutic efficacy of glucocorticoids in psoriasis and similar inflammatory diseases.

Cutaneous signs of diabetes mellitus.

Cutaneous signs of diabetes mellitus are extremely valuable to both the clinician and the researcher. Lesions such as necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, diabetic dermopathy, carotenemia idiopathic bullous eruptions of granuloma anulare alert the physician to consider the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Xanthomas reflect the status of glucose and lipid metabolism.

Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in epidermal physiology and pathophysiology.

The second messengers cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in several organs appear to coordinate those molecular events which are responsible for specialized organ function. As a result of balanced cell proliferation and specialization, epidermis functions by terminal specialization which provides a barrier between man and environment. Since the epidermal component of psoriasis is a classic example of deranged epidermal homeostasis, which has a low level of cyclic AMP and a high level of cyclic GMP, it seems reasonable that rebalancing these cyclic nucleotides might ultimately be a safe and effective therapy for psoriasis and other proliferative skin diseases.

Increased concentrations of nonesterified arachidonic acid, 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, prostaglandin E2, and prostaglandin F2alpha in epidermis of psoriasis.

Lesional epidermis of psoriasis has a probable reduction in the cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP ratio. This altered ratio may in part be responsible for the characteristic glycogen storage, rapid cell proliferation, and reduced differentiation in lesional epidermis. The concentrations of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha, free arachidonic acid, and 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetrawnoic acid in specimens of uninvolved and involved epidermis of psoriasis were measured with deuterium-labeled carriers and multiple ion analysis.