Childhood risk factors for lifetime bulimic or compulsive eating by age 30 years in a British national birth cohort.

Objective: To examine whether previously identified childhood risk factors for bulimia or compulsive eating (BCE) predict self-reported lifetime BCE by age 30 years in a prospective birth cohort.

Method: Using data from the 1970 British Cohort Study at birth, 5, and 10 years, associations between 22 putative childhood risk factors and self-reported lifetime BCE at 30 years were examined, adjusting for sex and socioeconomic status.

Results: Only female sex (odds ratio (OR): 9.

Recent spread of a new strain (A-Iran-05) of foot-and-mouth disease virus type A in the Middle East.

This report describes the characterization of a new genotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) type A responsible for recent FMD outbreaks in the Middle East. Initially identified in samples collected in 2003 from Iran, during 2005 and 2006 this FMDV lineage (proposed to be named A-Iran-05) spread into Saudi Arabia and Jordan and then further west into Turkey reaching European Thrace in January 2007. Most recently A-Iran-05 has been found in Bahrain.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A in Egypt.

We describe the characterization of a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) serotype A virus responsible for recent outbreaks of disease in Egypt. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1 nucleotide sequences demonstrated a close relationship to recent FMD virus isolates from East Africa, rather than to viruses currently circulating in the Middle East.

Evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based approach for the selection of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine strains.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus exists as seven serotypes within which are numerous variants necessitating careful selection of vaccine strains. Currently, a serological assay system based on the use of polyclonal vaccine antisera is widely used for this selection. However, inherent variability in the matching antisera used makes the tests poorly reproducible and difficult to interpret.

Interferon-gamma production in vitro from whole blood of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccinated and infected cattle after incubation with inactivated FMDV.

Studies were performed to determine whether a rapid method to detect cell mediated immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) could be used either as a diagnostic test or provide a correlate of protection in animals post-vaccination. Using protocols based on the BOVIGAM assay for tuberculosis, whole blood samples from FMDV vaccinated or control animals, before and after challenge infection, were stimulated overnight with inactivated FMDV antigen. The quantity of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) produced in the supernatants was measured using an ELISA.

Admission intervention team: medical center based intensive case management of the seriously mentally ill.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect a medical center based intensive case management team had on utilization of inpatient psychiatric treatment. A frequent user of inpatient psychiatric hospitalization was defined as any patient who had 3 or more admissions during the 12 months prior to referral to the program. A within-subjects design was used comparing rates of hospital admissions and hospital days before and after program enrollment for 185 patients in the program for 1 year, and for 50 of those patients in the program for 7 years.

Evidence that high potency foot-and-mouth disease vaccine inhibits local virus replication and prevents the "carrier" state in sheep.

The ability of a single administration of a high, medium and low potency foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine to decrease or inhibit local virus replication and excretion in the oropharynx of sheep following aerosol challenge with homologous live virus 14 days later was examined. Unvaccinated sheep showed signs of clinical FMD, whereas all of the vaccinated sheep, regardless of antigen payload, were protected against clinical disease and development of viraemia. Virological and serological results confirmed that there had been no local virus replication in the oropharynx of sheep from the high potency vaccine group in contrast to moderate or substantial virus replication in the oropharynx of the low potency vaccinated or unvaccinated sheep respectively.

Foot-and-mouth disease vaccine potency testing: determination and statistical validation of a model using a serological approach.

European foot-and-mouth disease vaccine manufacturers are required to quantify the efficacy of their product in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia (EP). The method used most often to establish the potency of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines requires viral challenge of vaccinated cattle. Alternative approaches, such as challenge-free serological assessments have many advantages over existing methods and could be used if robust statistical models could be developed that related antibody titres to protection from challenge.

Longevity of antibody and cytokine responses following vaccination with high potency emergency FMD vaccines.

The ability of high potency emergency foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines to promote sustainable immune responses in sheep and pigs following a single application was examined. All vaccine formulations induced a rapid seroconversion in both species, as expected, which was maintained at near peak titres for up to 6 months in sheep and 7 months in pigs. The Montanide ISA 206 formulation gave the best results in sheep.

Experimental studies with foot-and-mouth disease virus, strain O, responsible for the 2001 epidemic in the United Kingdom.

In 2001, the United Kingdom experienced its worst epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). To date approximately 3.9 million animals have been culled and direct and indirect revenue losses are probably in excess of pound 12 billion.

Stratified and cryogenically stored (SACS) vaccines, a new concept in emergency foot-and-mouth disease vaccine formulation and storage.

Strategic reserves of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) antigen have become an integral part of FMD control policy for many countries. They are based on two principles, ready formulated vaccine stored at +4 degrees C, or concentrated antigen preparations held at ultra-low temperature for later formulation. However, the latter is more economical, since ready formulated vaccine, based on oil or aluminium hydroxide/saponin adjuvants, requires regular replacement.

The suitability of the 'emergency' foot-and-mouth disease antigens held by the International Vaccine Bank within a global context.

The International Vaccine Bank (IVB) based at the Institute of Animal Health (IAH) in Pirbright, United Kingdom (UK), routinely monitors the suitability of the currently held strains of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine virus, in anticipation that vaccine may be required to control FMD outbreaks that pose a threat to member countries. Using primarily the two-dimensional micro-neutralisation test (VNT), bovine polyclonal sera raised against each of the seven current 'emergency' antigens were utilised to measure the relationship of IVB stocks to selected field isolates. The 'O' serotypes, Manisa and Lausanne, exhibited adequate levels of cross-protection against most of the type 'O' field isolates examined.

Cot deaths, stillbirths, and the probation service: a potentially recognisable at risk group.

Families of clients under the care of the probation service are at significantly higher risk of experiencing a cot death or a stillbirth than the general public. Pregnant women in the immediate families of clients under the care of the probation service should be identified to health service personnel involved in their antenatal and postnatal care in an effort to avert unnecessary deaths.

Gonorrhoea and the intrauterine contraceptive device.

Though pelvic infection in women fitted with an intrauterine device (I.U.C.