Ebstein's anomaly: a complex congenital heart defect.

Ebstein's anomaly is a complex, congenital heart defect characterized by a malformation of the tricuspid valve and right side of the heart. A variety of cardiac abnormalities are associated with Ebstein's anomaly, including atrial septal defect, conduction system abnormalities, patent foramen ovale, pulmonary stenosis or atresia, and ventricular septal defect.The clinical course of a patient with Ebstein's anomaly depends on the severity of the abnormalities present.

The arterial switch procedure for transposition of the great arteries.

Transposition of the great arteries is the most common congenital heart defect among the birth defects that present with cyanosis during the early neonatal period. Infants with this cardiac birth defect, in which the aorta originates from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery originates from the left ventricle, usually do not survive without surgical intervention in the first few days of life. The arterial switch procedure, performed via a median sternotomy incision during cardiopulmonary bypass, restores the aorta and pulmonary artery to their normal anatomic positions.

The modified Bentall procedure for aortic root replacement.

The Bentall procedure is a surgical repair of an ascending aortic or aortic root aneurysm in combination with aortic valve disease. Less commonly, it is used to repair aortic dissection affecting the aortic root and valve. During the procedure, a composite aortic valve graft is used to replace the proximal ascending aorta and aortic valve.