Network-wide effects of pallidal deep brain stimulation normalised abnormal cerebellar cortical activity in the dystonic animal model.

Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting globus pallidus internus (GPi) is a recognised therapy for drug-refractory dystonia. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect are not fully understood. This study explores how pallidal DBS alters spatiotemporal pattern formation of neuronal dynamics within the cerebellar cortex in a dystonic animal model, the dt hamster.

Global burden of tuberculous meningitis in children aged 0-14 years in 2019: a mathematical modelling study.

Background: Tuberculous meningitis is fatal if untreated and can lead to lifelong neurological sequelae. However, to our knowledge, there are no data on the number of children affected by this disease. We aimed to estimate the global disease burden and attributable mortality of childhood tuberculous meningitis by WHO regions, age groups, treatment status, and HIV status in 2019.

Data-driven and equation-free methods for neurological disorders: analysis and control of the striatum network.

The striatum as part of the basal ganglia is central to both motor, and cognitive functions. Here, we propose a large-scale biophysical network for this part of the brain, using modified Hodgkin-Huxley dynamics to model neurons, and a connectivity informed by a detailed human atlas. The model shows different spatio-temporal activity patterns corresponding to lower (presumably normal) and increased cortico-striatal activation (as found in, e.

Time-series metaproteogenomics of a high-CO aquifer reveals active viruses with fluctuating abundances and broad host ranges.

Ecosystems subject to mantle degassing are of particular interest for understanding global biogeochemistry, as their microbiomes are shaped by prolonged exposure to high CO and have recently been suggested to be highly active. While the genetic diversity of bacteria and archaea in these deep biosphere systems have been studied extensively, little is known about how viruses impact these microbial communities. Here, we show that the viral community in a high-CO cold-water geyser (Wallender Born, Germany) undergoes substantial fluctuations over a period of 12 days, although the corresponding prokaryotic community remains stable, indicating a newly observed "infect to keep in check" strategy that maintains prokaryotic community structure.

Measuring SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in neighborhood wastewater.

Longitudinal wastewater sampling during the COVID-19 pandemic was an important aspect of disease surveillance, adding to a more complete understanding of infection dynamics and providing important data for community public health monitoring and intervention planning. This was largely accomplished by testing SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in samples from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). We evaluated the utility of testing for virus levels upstream from WWTP within the residential neighborhoods that feed into the WWTP.

Management of the infant born to a mother with tuberculosis: a systematic review and consensus practice guideline.

Infants born to mothers with tuberculosis disease are at increased risk of developing tuberculosis disease themselves. We reviewed published studies and guidelines on the management of these infants to inform the development of a consensus practice guideline. We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library from database inception to Dec 1, 2022, for original studies reporting the management and outcome of infants born to mothers with tuberculosis.

LOCALIZED MYOSITIS AND TRANSIENT ENCEPHALOPATHY AS PRESENTING SYMPTOMS IN MURINE TYPHUS.

Murine typhus in the pediatric population has increased substantially in recent years. The most common clinical presentation of murine typhus includes fever, rash, headaches and myalgias. Murine typhus presenting with predominant myositis and/or encephalopathy is rare.

Identifying adolescents at risk for suboptimal adherence to tuberculosis treatment: A prospective cohort study.

Adolescents account for an estimated 800,000 incident tuberculosis (TB) cases annually and are at risk for suboptimal adherence to TB treatment. Most studies of adolescent TB treatment adherence have used surveillance data with limited psychosocial information. This prospective cohort study aimed to identify risk factors for suboptimal adherence to rifampicin-susceptible TB treatment among adolescents (10-19 years old) in Lima, Peru.

Metabolomic profiles of cartilage and bone reflect tissue type, radiography-confirmed osteoarthritis, and spatial location within the joint.

Osteoarthritis is the most common chronic joint disease, characterized by the abnormal remodeling of joint tissues including articular cartilage and subchondral bone. However, there are currently no therapeutic drug targets to slow the progression of disease because disease pathogenesis is largely unknown. Thus, the goals of this study were to identify metabolic differences between articular cartilage and subchondral bone, compare the metabolic shifts in osteoarthritic grade III and IV tissues, and spatially map metabolic shifts across regions of osteoarthritic hip joints.

Towards an optimised deep brain stimulation using a large-scale computational network and realistic volume conductor model.

. Constructing a theoretical framework to improve deep brain stimulation (DBS) based on the neuronal spatiotemporal patterns of the stimulation-affected areas constitutes a primary target..

The Frq-Frh Complex Light-Dependently Delays Sfl1-Induced Microsclerotia Formation in .

The vascular plant pathogenic fungus has to adapt to environmental changes outside and inside its host. harbors homologs of clock genes. The molecular functions and interactions of Frequency (Frq) and Frq-interacting RNA helicase (Frh) in controlling conidia or microsclerotia development were investigated in JR2.

Clinical standards for drug-susceptible TB in children and adolescents.

These clinical standards aim to provide guidance for diagnosis, treatment, and management of drug-susceptible TB in children and adolescents. Fifty-two global experts in paediatric TB participated in a Delphi consensus process. After eight rounds of revisions, 51/52 (98%) participants endorsed the final document.

Use of Interferon-Gamma Release Assays in Children <2 Years Old.

While interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are widely used for detecting tuberculosis (TB) infection, tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) remain preferred for children under the age of 2 years. The preference for TST stems from concern over IGRA sensitivity in young children. However, TSTs are susceptible to false-positive results following Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination, which is common in infancy, and exposure to nontuberculous mycobacteria.

Caring for Adolescents and Young Adults With Tuberculosis or at Risk of Tuberculosis: Consensus Statement From an International Expert Panel.

Background:: Despite being a preventable and treatable disease, tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death among young people globally. Each year, an estimated 1.8 million adolescents and young adults (AYAs; 10–24 years old) develop TB.

Verticillium dahliae Vta3 promotes ELV1 virulence factor gene expression in xylem sap, but tames Mtf1-mediated late stages of fungus-plant interactions and microsclerotia formation.

Verticillium transcription activator of adhesion 3 (Vta3) is required for plant root colonization and pathogenicity of the soil-borne vascular fungus Verticillium dahliae. RNA sequencing identified Vta3-dependent genetic networks required for growth in tomato xylem sap. Vta3 affects the expression of more than 1,000 transcripts, including candidates with predicted functions in virulence and morphogenesis such as Egh16-like virulence factor 1 (Elv1) and Master transcription factor 1 (Mtf1).

Clinical Worsening in an Adolescent With Pleural Tuberculosis.

A 17-year-old previously healthy female presented with unilateral chest pain and dyspnea. Chest radiographs demonstrated a unilateral pleural effusion and pneumonia. Pleural fluid bacterial cultures were negative; acid-fast cultures grew Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Chemical Stability and Bioactivity of tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone in in vitro test systems.

Danshen Si Wu is a Traditional Chinese Medicine used for menopausal complains. Beside tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), Danshen also contains tanshinone I (Tan I), cryptotanshinone (CT) and dihydrotanshinone (DT). The aim of this study was to compare the biological activity of these tanshinones and to determine their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity.

Tomato Xylem Sap Hydrophobins Vdh4 and Vdh5 Are Important for Late Stages of Plant Infection.

causes economic losses to a wide range of crops as a vascular fungal pathogen. This filamentous ascomycete spends long periods of its life cycle in the plant xylem, a unique environment that requires adaptive processes. Specifically, fungal proteins produced in the xylem sap of the plant host may play important roles in colonizing the plant vasculature and in inducing disease symptoms.

New Drugs and Regimens for Tuberculosis Disease Treatment in Children and Adolescents.

After almost 30 years of relative stagnation, research over the past decade has led to remarkable advances in the treatment of both drug-susceptible (DS) and drug-resistant (DR) tuberculosis (TB) disease in children and adolescents. Compared with the previous standard therapy of at least 6 months, 2 new regimens lasting for only 4 months for the treatment of DS-TB have been studied and are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), along with a shortened 6-month regimen for treatment of DS-TB meningitis. In addition, the 18- to 24-month regimens previously used for DR-TB that included painful injectable drugs with high rates of adverse effects have been replaced with shorter, safer all-oral regimens.

Optimal vaccine roll-out strategies including social distancing for pandemics.

Non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs), principally social distancing, in combination with effective vaccines, aspire to develop a protective immunity shield against pandemics and particularly against the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, an agent-based network model with small-world topology is employed to find optimal policies against pandemics, including social distancing and vaccination strategies. The agents' states are characterized by a variation of the SEIR model (susceptible, exposed, infected, recovered).

Tuberculous Meningitis in Children: A Forgotten Public Health Emergency.

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children with tuberculosis (TB), yet there are currently no estimates of the global burden of pediatric TBM. Due to frequent non-specific clinical presentation and limited and inadequate diagnostic tests, children with TBM are often diagnosed late or die undiagnosed. Even when diagnosed and treated, 20% of children with TBM die.