How to Build the Plane While Flying: VTE/PE Thromboprophylaxis Clinical Guidelines for COVID-19 Patients.

Over the years, the practice of medicine has evolved from authority-based to experience-based to evidence-based with the introduction of the scientific process, clinical trials, and outcomes-based data analysis (Tebala GD. Int J Med Sci. 2018;15(12):1397-1405).

Rivaroxaban Versus Warfarin in African American Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation.

Introduction: Black patients are under-represented in randomized trials evaluating oral anticoagulants in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). We sought to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban versus warfarin in African Americans with NVAF.

Methods: We performed an analysis using Optum® De-Identified Electronic Health Record (EHR) data from 1/1/2012-9/30/2018.

Rivaroxaban versus warfarin for treatment and prevention of recurrence of venous thromboembolism in African American patients: a retrospective cohort analysis.

Background: African Americans are under-represented in trials evaluating oral anticoagulants for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of VTE in African Americans.

Methods: We utilized Optum® De-Identified Electronic Health Record data from 11/1/2012-9/30/2018.

William Lawrence and the English ophthalmology textbooks of the 1830s and 1840s.

William Lawrence was a leading English ophthalmic surgeon in the middle of the 19th century. This article briefly discusses his life, career, and well-known textbook (Treatise on Diseases of the Eye). His book and 3 others were the best-known English texts on diseases of the eye of the 1830s and 1840s.

A history of perimetry and visual field testing.

Perimetry and visual field testing have been used as clinical ophthalmic diagnostic tools for many years, and this manuscript will provide a brief historical overview of these procedures and the individuals who developed them. Today, we have many different forms of perimetry that are designed to evaluate different locations within the visual pathways and various mechanisms and subsets of mechanisms within the visual system. However, the most widely used method of performing perimetry and visual field testing has not substantially changed for more than 150 years, consisting of detecting a small target superimposed on a uniform background at different locations within the field of view.

Irene E. Loewenfeld, PhD Physiologist of the pupil.

Irene E. Loewenfeld, PhD has devoted a long and vigorous professional life to understanding the workings of the pupil of the human eye. Her interest in the pupil began in 1940 when she went to work as a technician in the pupillography laboratory of Professor Otto Lowenstein at New York University.

The Argyll Robertson pupil.

The Argyll Robertson (AR) pupil has been defined as a pupil that is small and constricts poorly to direct light but briskly when a target within reading distance is viewed ("light-near dissociation"). Most descriptions of the AR pupil do not mention segmental iris sphincter constriction, or slow, sustained constriction with a near vision effort. Such features are considered typical of the light-near dissociation of Adie syndrome and of neuropathic tonic pupils, where damage to the ciliary ganglion or ciliary nerves is believed to be the mechanism.

Otto lowenstein, pioneer pupillographer.

Otto Lowenstein, a pioneer in the study of pupil function, began his professional life as an academic neuropsychiatrist at the University of Bonn with an interest in experimental psychology. From his teacher Alexander Westphal, he developed a fascination with the pupil. He invented ingenious recording devices and took motion pictures of the pupils, graphing their movements.