Long-term sustained effects of the Look AHEAD lifestyle intervention on body composition among adults with type 2 diabetes.

Objective: The objective of the study was to test whether there are sustained effects of the Look AHEAD intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI), versus diabetes support and education (DSE), on weight and body composition 12 to 16 years after randomization.

Methods: Participants were a subset of enrollees in the Look AHEAD dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry substudy who completed the final visit, composed of men (DSE = 99; ILI = 94) and women (DSE = 134; ILI = 135) with type 2 diabetes and mean (SD) age 57.2 (6.

Validity of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for estimation of visceral adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue change after surgery-induced weight loss in women with severe obesity.

Objective: Reliable and simple methods to quantify visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and VAT changes are needed. This study investigated the validity of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) compared with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for estimating VAT cross sectionally and longitudinally after surgery-induced weight loss in women with severe obesity.

Methods: Women with obesity (n = 36; mean age 43 [SD 10] years; 89% White) with DXA and MRI before bariatric surgery (T0) at 12 (T12) and 24 months (T24) post surgery were included.

Resting Energy Expenditure and Organ-Tissue Body Composition 5 Years After Bariatric Surgery.

Introduction: Bariatric surgery-induced weight loss may reduce resting energy expenditure (REE) and fat-free mass (FFM) disproportionately thereby predisposing patients to weight regain and sarcopenia.

Methods: We compared REE and body composition of African-American and Caucasian Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) patients after surgery with a group of non-operated controls (CON). REE by indirect calorimetry; skeletal muscle (SM), trunk organs, and brain volumes by MRI; and FFM by DXA were measured at post-surgery visits and compared with CON (N = 84) using linear regression models that adjusted for relevant covariates.

Changes in skeletal muscle and organ size after a weight-loss intervention in overweight and obese type 2 diabetic patients.

Background: The effect of a weight-loss intervention on the masses of lean tissues and organs in humans is not well known.

Objective: We studied the effects of a diet and exercise weight-loss intervention on skeletal muscle (SM) mass and selected organs over 2 y using MRI in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes.

Design: Participants were 53 women and 39 men [mean ± SD: age 58 ± 7 y; body mass index (BMI; in kg/m) 32 ± 3] enrolled in the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) trial and randomly assigned to an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) or diabetes support and education (DSE) on whom 2 y of data were collected.

Changes in regional body composition over 8 years in a randomized lifestyle trial: The look AHEAD study.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that an 8-year intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) suppresses aging-dependent changes in regional lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM) among people with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Methods: Regional body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry within a subset of 1,019 volunteers (45-75 years old) in the Look AHEAD study randomized to ILI or diabetes support and education (DSE). The ILI goal was to achieve and maintain ≥7% weight loss through increased physical activity and reduced caloric intake.

Changes in body composition over 8 years in a randomized trial of a lifestyle intervention: the look AHEAD study.

Objective: To determine the effects of an intensive lifestyle intervention versus a comparison group on body composition in obese or overweight persons with type 2 diabetes at baseline and at 1, 4, and 8 years.

Methods: Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a subset of 1019 Look AHEAD study volunteers randomized to intervention or comparison groups. The intervention was designed to achieve and maintain ≥7% weight loss through increased physical activity and reduced caloric intake.

Changes in adipose tissue depots and metabolic markers following a 1-year diet and exercise intervention in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes.

Objective: We aim to characterize the effects on total body fat and distribution of a 1-year intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) for weight loss in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes and to examine whether changes in adipose tissue (AT) depots were associated with changes in metabolic biomarkers.

Research Design And Methods: Participants were 54 females and 38 males (age 57.8 ± 6.

Skeletal muscle and organ masses differ in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes.

Whether lean body mass (LBM) composition, especially skeletal muscle and abdominal organs, differs in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) compared with nondiabetic healthy controls has not been investigated. A subset of African-American and Caucasian participants with T2DM from the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) trial had body composition assessed and compared with a sample of healthy controls. Skeletal muscle mass (SMM), liver, kidneys, and spleen mass were quantified using a contiguous slice magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol.

Greater weight loss among men participating in a commercial weight loss program: a pooled analysis of 2 randomized controlled trials.

Being overweight and obese are significant health concerns for men and women, yet despite comparable needs for effective weight loss and maintenance strategies, little is known about the success of commercial weight loss programs in men. This study tests the hypothesis that men participating in a commercial weight loss program (Weight Watchers) had significantly greater weight loss than men receiving limited support from health professionals for weight loss (controls). A pooled analysis of weight loss and related physiologic parameter data from 2 randomized clinical trials was conducted.

Brain and high metabolic rate organ mass: contributions to resting energy expenditure beyond fat-free mass.

Background: The degree to which interindividual variation in the mass of select high metabolic rate organs (HMROs) mediates variability in resting energy expenditure (REE) is unknown.

Objective: The objective was to investigate how much REE variability is explained by differences in HMRO mass in adults and whether age, sex, and race independently predict REE after adjustment for HMRO.

Design: A cross-sectional evaluation of 55 women [30 African Americans aged 48.

Smaller organ mass with greater age, except for heart.

Autopsy/cadaver data indicate that many organs and tissues are smaller in the elderly compared with young adults; however, in vivo data are lacking. The aim of this study was to determine whether the mass of specific high-metabolic-rate organs is different with increasing age, using MRI. Seventy-five healthy women (41 African-Americans and 34 Caucasians, age range 19-88 yr) and 36 men (8 African-Americans and 28 Caucasians, age range 19-84 yr) were studied.

Adipose tissue distribution is different in type 2 diabetes.

Background: The extent to which adipose tissue (AT) distribution is different between persons with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and nondiabetic control subjects remains unclear.

Objective: The aim of this study was to establish whether total body adiposity and its distribution, quantified by using state-of-the-art whole-body magnetic resonance imaging, differs between these 2 groups.

Design: This cross-sectional evaluation included 93 participants (n = 56 women and 37 men) in the Look AHEAD (Action for HEAlth in Diabetes) Trial with T2DM who had a mean (+/-SD) age of 58.

Evaluation of between-methods agreement of extracellular water measurements in adults and children.

Background: Extracellular water (ECW), a relevant molecular level component for clinical assessment, is commonly obtained by 2 methods that rely on assumptions that may not be possible to test at the time the measurements are made.

Objective: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the degree of agreement between ECW assessment by the sodium bromide dilution (ECW(NaBr)) and total body potassium (TBK; whole-body (40)K counting) to total body water (TBW; isotope dilution) methods (ECW(TBK-TBW)) in an ethnically mixed group of children and adults.

Design: ECW was measured with the ECW(NaBr) and ECW(TBK-TBW) methods in 526 white and African American males and females (86 nonobese children, 193 nonobese adults, and 247 obese adults).

Femoral-gluteal subcutaneous and intermuscular adipose tissues have independent and opposing relationships with CVD risk.

Femoral-gluteal adipose tissue (AT) may be cardioprotective through fatty acids uptake. Femoral-gluteal AT has previously been defined as leg fat measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA); however, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) are inseparable using DXA. This study investigated the independent relationships between femoral-gluteal SAT, femoral-gluteal IMAT, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors [fasting serum measures of glucose, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), triglycerides (TG) and insulin] and whether race differences exist in femoral-gluteal AT distribution.

Greater resting energy expenditure and lower respiratory quotient after 1 week of supplementation with milk relative to supplementation with a sugar-only beverage in children.

Previous studies have linked overweight to lower milk and calcium consumption and have proposed a role of milk consumption on energy expenditure (EE). The goal of this study was to compare EE and food intake after a meal of either mixed-nutrient or single-nutrient beverage and examine whether supplementation with that beverage for 1 week will impact EE. This was a randomized, controlled crossover study testing the effect of 2 beverages, milk or fruit-flavored beverage, before and after a supplementation period of 1 week on EE.

Reproducibility of single- and multi-voxel 1H MRS measurements of intramyocellular lipid in overweight and lean subjects under conditions of controlled dietary calorie and fat intake.

The reproducibility of repeated single-voxel 1H MRS (SV-MRS) and spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) measurements of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) in the tibialis anterior muscle of five lean and five overweight female Caucasians, during 7 days of controlled dietary fat and calorie intake, was assessed at 1.5 T. Duplicate measures of IMCL relative to total muscle creatine (IMCL/tCr) obtained 3 days apart by both SV-MRS and MRSI correlated well (r = 0.

Truncal adiposity and lung function in older black women.

The increase in adiposity associated with aging is a concern in older adults, especially as it relates to the risk for ventilatory complications. Therefore, the specific aim of this study was to determine the association of various measures of abdominal adiposity with lung function in a sample of older healthy black women. Participants (n=27) had no history of diabetes or respiratory disease.

A new total body potassium method to estimate total body skeletal muscle mass in children.

A whole body skeletal muscle [(SM); kg] mass estimation model, based on total body potassium [(TBK); mmol] measured by whole body (40)K counting (WBC) was developed (SM = 0.0082.TBK) and validated in adults in a previous study.

Independent associations of insulin resistance with high whole-body intermuscular and low leg subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution in obese HIV-infected women.

Background: Obesity and insulin resistance are growing problems in HIV-positive (HIV+) women receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

Objective: The objective was to determine the contribution of adipose tissue (AT) enlargement and distribution to the presence of insulin resistance in obese HIV+ women.

Design: Whole-body intermuscular AT (IMAT), visceral AT (VAT), subcutaneous AT (SAT), and SAT distribution (leg versus upper body) were measured by whole-body magnetic resonance imaging.

Extracellular water across the adult lifespan: reference values for adults.

Extracellular water (ECW) is a large and clinically important body compartment that varies widely in volume both in health and disease. Interpretation of ECW measurements in the clinical setting requires consideration of potential influencing factors such as age, race, sex and other variables that influence fluid status. An important gap in physiological research is a lack of normative ECW values against which to reference perturbations in fluid homeostasis.

Higher insulin, triglycerides, and blood pressure with greater trunk fat in Tanner 1 Chinese.

Objective: The aims of this study were to investigate the body fat distribution pattern in prepubertal Chinese children and to investigate the relationship between central fat distribution and specific biomarkers of cardiovascular disease.

Research Methods And Procedures: The study was conducted in an urban Mainland Chinese (Jinan, Shandong) sample of children using a cross-sectional design. Pubertal status was determined by Tanner criteria.

Incretin levels and effect are markedly enhanced 1 month after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in obese patients with type 2 diabetes.

Objective: Limited data on patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RY-GBP) suggest that an improvement in insulin secretion after surgery occurs rapidly and thus may not be wholly accounted for by weight loss. We hypothesized that in obese patients with type 2 diabetes the impaired levels and effect of incretins changed as a consequence of RY-GBP.

Research Design And Methods: Incretin (gastric inhibitory peptide [GIP] and glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1]) levels and their effect on insulin secretion were measured before and 1 month after RY-GBP in eight obese women with type 2 diabetes and in seven obese nondiabetic control subjects.

Serum magnesium and type-2 diabetes in African Americans and Hispanics: a New York cohort.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of serum Mg with stage of diabetes measured by fasting serum glucose in a cohort of 485 African American and Hispanic adults.

Methods: The cross sectional Rosetta study was designed to assess body composition in a multi-racial cohort of healthy adults living in New York City. The data utilized for the current analyses were collected during the years 1990 to 2000.

Total-body skeletal muscle mass: estimation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in children and adolescents.

Background: Skeletal muscle (SM) is an important compartment but is difficult to quantify in children and adolescents.

Objective: We investigated the potential of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for measuring total-body SM in pediatric subjects.

Design: A previously published adult DXA SM prediction formula was evaluated in children and adolescents aged 5-17 y (n = 99) who varied in pubertal maturation stage.