Insecticide and fungicide effect on thermal and olfactory behavior of bees and their disappearance in bees' tissues.

Plant protection products may affect the behavior of organisms which are not a target of control. The effect of Karate Zeon 050 CS (λ-Cyhalothrin -based insecticide; λ-CBI) and Amistar 250 SC (Azoxystrobin-based fungicide; ABF) was determined on Apis mellifera worker attraction towards their own colony odour, along with temperature preferences. Bees exposed to pesticides prefer the environment with the odour of their nest less often than the control group, and that insecticide-treated bees chose warmer environments than the control insects.

Assessment of risk to honey bees and honey consumers resulting from the insect exposure to captan, thiacloprid, penthiopyrad, and λ-cyhalothrin used in a commercial apple orchard.

Samples of leaves, flowers, soil, pollen, bee workers, bee brood, honey, and beeswax were collected to assess the possibility of a transfer of captan, thiacloprid, penthiopyrad, and λ-cyhalothrin from apple trees of Idared variety to honey bee (Apis mellifera) hives. Chemical analyses were performed using the Agilent 7890 Gas Chromatograph equipped with the Micro-cell Electron Capture Detector. It was found that significant amounts of penthiopyrad, the active ingredient of Fontelis 200 SC, were present in leaves, flowers, pollen, bee workers, and beeswax.

Treating honey bees with an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field and pesticides: Impact on the rate of disappearance of azoxystrobin and λ-cyhalothrin and the structure of some functional groups of the probabilistic molecules.

The purpose of these laboratory tests was to assess the impact of 50 Hz EMF (electromagnetic field) on the disappearance of azoxystrobin (active ingredient (AI) of Amistar 250 SC) and λ-cyhalothrin (AI of Karate Zeon 050 CS) in the body of honey bees (Apis mellifera) and the structure of some functional groups of the probabilistic molecules in their organisms. Amistar 250 SC (an azoxystrobin-based fungicide; ABF) and Karate Zeon 050 CS (a λ-cyhalothrin-based insecticide; CBI) are plant protection products (PPPs) applied to bee-pollinated-crops. Chromatographic methods were used to assess the rate of AI disappearance.

Influence of and on Penthiopyrad Degradation under Laboratory and Field Studies.

In plant protection, biological preparations are used alternately with chemical pesticides. The applied microorganism can influence the concentration of chemical substances. Laboratory and field studies were conducted to assess the influence of and on the penthiopyrad concentration.

Assessment of boscalid and pyraclostrobin disappearance and behavior following application of effective microorganisms on apples.

The aim of this study is to assess the disappearance of boscalid (IUPAC name: 2-chloro-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)phenyl]pyridine-3-carboxamide) and pyraclostrobin (IUPAC name: methyl N-[2-[[1-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]oxymethyl]phenyl]-N-methoxycarbamate) residues in apple fruit, and to verify whether an organic fertilizer enriched with strains of antagonistic microorganisms can reduce pesticide residue levels. Field trials were conducted in a commercial orchard on apples of the Gloster variety, during 21 days after the treatment with Bellis 38 WG and the subsequent application of Zumba Plant formulation containing Bacillus spp., Trichoderma spp.

A study on residue levels of fungicides and insecticides applied according to the program of raspberry protection.

This paper presents surveys on residue levels of fungicides and insecticides applied according to the raspberry protection program. The field trials were conducted in 2013-2014 on a plantation of raspberry of the Laszka variety dessert raspberry very popular in Poland. Laboratory samples were collected starting from a day of the first fruit picking to the end of harvest.

Behavior of fluopyram and tebuconazole and some selected pesticides in ripe apples and consumer exposure assessment in the applied crop protection framework.

The supervised field trials were conducted in a commercial apple orchard in 2016. The trials were an attempt to determine a model for dissipation and toxicological evaluation of fluopyram, tebuconazole, captan, tetrahydrophthalimide (THPI), pirimicarb, spirodiclofen, and boscalid residues detected in fruit of Red Jonaprince, Lobo, and Gala varieties immediately before harvest. The analysis also covered amounts of pesticides still present in remnants of calyx in Lobo and Gala varieties immediately before harvest.

A case study on toxicological aspects of the pest and disease control in the production of the high-quality raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.).

The field studies on the residue levels of the fungicides and insecticides used in commercial raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) plantation have been performed. Starting on the first day of harvesting (on June 19), 20 laboratory samples of fruit, 10 laboratory samples of leaves and 4 samples of soil were analyzed and the residue levels were compared to the Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) and Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADI).

Behavior of pyrimethanil, pyraclostrobin, boscalid, cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos residues on raspberry fruit and leaves of Laszka variety.

The purpose of the research conducted was to investigate and evaluate the behavior of pyrimethanil, pyraclostrobin, boscalid, cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos, the active ingredients of selected fungicides and insecticides, on ripe fruit and in fully developed leaves of raspberry of the Laszka variety. The field trial was carried out in the period of one month starting from the first fruit picking. The results obtained indicated that residue levels on the day of the first crop picking did not even approximate the corresponding EU-MRLs (http://ec.

Potential of ozone utilization for reduction of pesticide residue in food of plant origin. A review.

Residues of plant protection products can be nowadays found in almost all samples of fruits as even if their application was carried out with respect to standards of Good Agricultural Practice. The intake of these compounds with food of plant origin may result in various disorders and diseases. Since the use of plant protection agents seems unavoidable, it is necessary to treat contaminated food material to eliminate or reduce residues content within food products.

Comparative study on disappearance trends of captan and trifloxystrobin residues on fruit and apple tree leaves using internal normalisation method.

Supervised field trials were carried out in a commercial orchard in 2011. The purpose of the study was to assess the usefulness of the comparative method to examine the mechanism of disappearance of pesticide residues. Captan and trifloxystrobin residues were determined with the use of gas chromatograph equipped with a micro-electron capture detector.

[Occurrence of plant protection product residues in apples in 2007].

The aim of this paper was to present occurrence of plant protection product residues in apples in 2007. Gas chromatographic and spectroscopy methods were used. The most frequently found were fungicides: dithiocarbamate residues (18% of the analysed samples), captan residues (13%), pyrimethanil residues (6%) and insecticides: chlorpiryfos residues (6%), diazinon residues (6%) and pirimicarb residues (5%).

[Occurrence of pesticide residues in raspberries in 2000-2005].

The aim of this paper was to present occurrence of pesticide residues in raspberries in 2000-2005. Gas chromatographic and spectroscopy methods were used. The most frequently found were tolylfluanid residues (43% of the analysed samples), procymidone residues (33%), pyrimethanil residues (15%), ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDC) residues (8%) and iprodione residues (5%), while insecticides (mainly synthetic pyrethroids) cypermethrin residues (6%) and bifenthrin (4%).

[Occurrence of some pesticides residues in peppermint Mentha piperita L. in 2003-2005].

The aim of this paper was to present occurrence of pesticides residues in peppermint Mentha Piperita in 2003-2005 and to estimate of their intakes by consumer. Gas chromatographic and spectroscopy methods were used. The most frequently found were chlorpyrifos residues (16% analysed samples) followed by terbacil (11%), dithiocarbamates (10%) and diazinon (5%).

Disappearance of pyrimethanil residues on tomato plants.

The objective of this work was to estimate the disappearance of pyrimethanil, the active ingredient of Mythos 300 SC, at present, commonly used for the protection of greenhouse vegetables against diseases of fungal origin. Disappearance trends of the chemical deposits were studied on tomato plants grown in commercial greenhouses sprayed with a homogeneous 0.15% aqueous solution of the plant protection product.