Design and Fabrication of a Three-Dimensional Multi-Electrode Array for Neuron Electrophysiology.

Neural recording and stimulation with high spatial and temporal resolution are highly desirable in the study of neurocommunication and diseases. Planar multiple microelectrode arrays (MEA) or quasi-three-dimensional (3D) MEA with fixed height have been proposed by many researchers and become commercially available. In this paper, we present the design, fabrication, and test of a novel true 3D multiple electrode array for brain slice stimulation and recording.

Synthesis of Fused Pyrimidinone and Quinolone Derivatives in an Automated High-Temperature and High-Pressure Flow Reactor.

Fused pyrimidinone and quinolone derivatives that are of potential interest to pharmaceutical research were synthesized within minutes in up to 96% yield in an automated Phoenix high-temperature and high-pressure continuous flow reactor. Heterocyclic scaffolds that are either hard to synthesize or require multisteps are readily accessible using a common set of reaction conditions. The use of low-boiling solvents along with the high conversions of these reactions allowed for facile workup and isolation.

Automated library synthesis of cyclopropyl boronic esters employing diazomethane in a tube-in-tube flow reactor.

The efficient synthesis of cyclopropyl boronic esters in library format using a diazomethane flow reactor has been achieved. A pivotal component of the system is a fully automated tube-in-tube reactor allowing for safe handling of hazardous diazomethane on repeated small scale and for the generation of larger quantities of product. The setup enables the repeated execution of Pd-catalyzed cyclopropanation reactions without compromising its operation over time.

Near-infrared thermo-optical response of the localized reflectance of intact diabetic and nondiabetic human skin.

We observed a difference in the thermal response of localized reflectance signal of human skin between type 2 diabetics and nondiabetics. We investigated the use of this thermo-optical behavior as the basis for a noninvasive method for the determination of the diabetic status of a subject. We used a two-site temperature differential method, which is predicated upon the measurement of localized reflectance from two areas on the surface of the skin.

Temperature modulation of the visible and near infrared absorption and scattering coefficients of human skin.

We determine temperature effect on the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients (mu(a) and mu(s)(')) of human forearm skin. Optical and thermal simulation data suggest that mu( a) and mu(s)(') are determined within a temperature-controlled depth of approximately 2 mm. Cutaneous mu(s)(') change linearly with temperature.