Mature B-NHL in children, adolescents and young adults: current therapeutic approach and emerging treatment strategies.

Mature B cell lymphomas account for approximately 60% of all cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in children and adolescents and includes Burkitt lymphoma (BL), diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and other less common histologies. The outcome for patients treated with modern regimens in resource-intensive settings is excellent. Improvements in care have been accomplished through enhanced supportive therapy, including tumour lysis management and incremental refinement of chemotherapy backbones via cooperative group clinical trials in which patients receive risk group-specific intensive chemotherapy.

The twin arginine translocation system is essential for aerobic growth and full virulence of Burkholderia thailandensis.

The twin arginine translocation (Tat) system in bacteria is responsible for transporting folded proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane, and in some bacteria, Tat-exported substrates have been linked to virulence. We report here that the Tat machinery is present in Burkholderia pseudomallei, B. mallei, and B.

Galleria mellonella as a model system to test the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of antibiotics against Burkholderia pseudomallei.

Mammalian models of infection are paramount to elucidating the mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis and are also used for evaluating the efficacy of novel antimicrobials before the commencement of human trials. In this study, Galleria mellonella was used to determine the efficacy of antibiotics towards a Burkholderia thailandensis infection in G. mellonella larvae.

Superoxide dismutase C is required for intracellular survival and virulence of Burkholderia pseudomallei.

Burkholderia pseudomallei is an intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of melioidosis, a life-threatening disease of humans. Within host cells, superoxide is an important mediator of pathogen killing. In this study, we have identified the B.

Neurodegenerative central nervous system Langerhans cell histiocytosis and coincident hydrocephalus treated with vincristine/cytosine arabinoside.

Background: Central nervous system (CNS) complications of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) include mass lesions and a neurodegenerative (ND) syndrome with ataxia, dysarthria, dysmetria, learning and behavior difficulties and/or characteristic changes on brain MRIs. Hydrocephalus has rarely been reported in LCH. LCH lesions of the orbit, mastoid and temporal bones ("CNS-Risk" lesions) and diabetes insipidus predispose patients to ND-CNS-LCH.

Failure to treat obstructive hydrocephalus with endoscopic third ventriculostomy in a patient with neurodegenerative Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

The second most frequent central nervous system involvement pattern in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare condition documented in a number of reports called "neurodegenerative LCH" (ND-LCH). Magnetic resonance images confirming the presence of the disease usually demonstrate striking symmetric bilateral hyperintensities predominantly in the cerebellum, basal ganglia, pons, and/or cerebral white matter. The authors here describe for the first time in the literature a patient with ND-LCH and concomitant hydrocephalus initially treated using endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV).