Evidence for Seed Transmission of in Pecan ().

Pecan bacterial leaf scorch, caused by subsp. , is an economically significant disease of pecan with known detrimental effects on the yield of susceptible cultivars. In this study, endosperm was harvested from developing pecan seeds, and direct qPCR and sequencing were used to detect and confirm the presence of .

Functional Genomics Insights Into the Pathogenicity, Habitat Fitness, and Mechanisms Modifying Plant Development of sp. PBTS1 and PBTS2.

Pistachio Bushy Top Syndrome (PBTS) is a recently emerged disease that has strongly impacted the pistachio industry in California, Arizona, and New Mexico. The disease is caused by two bacteria, designated PBTS1 that is related to and PBTS2 that belongs to the species . Here, we assessed the pathogenic character of the causative agents and examined their chromosomal sequences to predict the presence of particular functions that might contribute to the observed co-occurrence and their effect on plant hosts.

Comment on "Evolutionary transitions between beneficial and phytopathogenic challenge disease management".

We would like to address a number of concerns regarding this paper (Savory et al., 2017).

Complete Genome and Plasmid Sequences for Rhodococcus fascians D188 and Draft Sequences for Rhodococcus Isolates PBTS 1 and PBTS 2.

Rhodococcus fascians, a phytopathogen that alters plant development, inflicts significant losses in plant production around the world. We report here the complete genome sequence of R. fascians D188, a well-characterized model isolate, and Rhodococcus species PBTS (pistachio bushy top syndrome) 1 and 2, which were shown to be responsible for a disease outbreak in pistachios.

Phytophthora Species in Rivers and Streams of the Southwestern United States.

Unlabelled: Phytophthora species were isolated from rivers and streams in the southwestern United States by leaf baiting and identified by sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The major waterways examined included the Rio Grande River, Gila River, Colorado River, and San Juan River. The most prevalent species identified in rivers and streams were Phytophthora lacustris and P.

First Report of Rhodococcus Isolates Causing Pistachio Bushy Top Syndrome on 'UCB-1' Rootstock in California and Arizona.

'UCB-1' (Pistacia atlantica × Pistacia integerrima) rootstock is a hybrid cultivar widely used by the U.S. pistachio industry.

BABA and Phytophthora nicotianae Induce Resistance to Phytophthora capsici in Chile Pepper (Capsicum annuum).

Induced resistance in plants is a systemic response to certain microorganisms or chemicals that enhances basal defense responses during subsequent plant infection by pathogens. Inoculation of chile pepper with zoospores of non-host Phytophthora nicotianae or the chemical elicitor beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA) significantly inhibited foliar blight caused by Phytophthora capsici. Tissue extract analyses by GC/MS identified conserved change in certain metabolite concentrations following P.

First Report of Anthracnose of Sunflower Sprouts Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum in New Mexico.

In December 2011, edible sunflower sprouts (Helianthus annus) of two different commercially grown cultivars (Sungrown and Tiensvold) exhibiting stem and cotyledon lesions were submitted to the New Mexico State University Plant Clinic for disease diagnosis. The sample originated from an organic farm in Santa Fe County where the grower utilizes a small indoor growing facility. Stem lesions were elongate, reddish brown, and often constricted, resulting in stem girdling.

First Report of Buckeye Rot Caused by Phytophthora nicotianae in Tomato in New Mexico.

Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan was isolated from turning tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in August 2010 from a garden in central New Mexico. Symptoms typical of buckeye rot including brown, water-soaked, necrotic lesions with concentric rings were observed on three tomato fruit.

First Report of Phytophthora nicotianae on Bulb Onion in the United States.

Phytophthora nicotianae (synonym P. parasitica) Breda de Haan was isolated from recently harvested onion bulbs (Allium cepa) in cold storage from a commercial field in southern New Mexico. Deteriorating, water-soaked tissue from the center of four bulbs was plated onto water agar and incubated at room temperature.

The structure of FSTL3.activin A complex. Differential binding of N-terminal domains influences follistatin-type antagonist specificity.

Transforming growth factor beta family ligands are neutralized by a number of structurally divergent antagonists. Follistatin-type antagonists, which include splice variants of follistatin (FS288 and FS315) and follistatin-like 3 (FSTL3), have high affinity for activin A but differ in their affinity for other ligands, particularly bone morphogenetic proteins. To understand the structural basis for ligand specificity within FS-type antagonists, we determined the x-ray structure of activin A in complex with FSTL3 to a resolution of 2.

Wrapping the alpha-crystallin domain fold in a chaperone assembly.

Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) are oligomers that perform a protective function by binding denatured proteins. Although ubiquitous, they are of variable sequence except for a C-terminal approximately 90-residue "alpha-crystallin domain". Unlike larger stress response chaperones, sHsps are ATP-independent and generally form polydisperse assemblies.

Low risk-factor profile and long-term cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality and life expectancy: findings for 5 large cohorts of young adult and middle-aged men and women.

Context: Three major coronary risk factors-serum cholesterol level, blood pressure, and smoking-increase incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and related end points. In previous investigations, risks for low-risk reference groups were estimated statistically because samples contained too few such people to measure risk.

Objective: To measure long-term mortality rates for individuals with favorable levels for all 3 major risk factors, compared with others.

Impact of major cardiovascular disease risk factors, particularly in combination, on 22-year mortality in women and men.

Background: The appropriateness of current cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor guidelines in women continues to be debated.

Objective: To present new data on the appropriateness of current CVD risk factor guidelines, for women and men, from long-term follow-up of a large population sample.

Methods: Cardiovascular disease risk factor status according to current clinical guidelines and long-term impact on mortality were determined in 8686 women and 10503 men aged 40 to 64 years at baseline from the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry; average follow-up was 22 years.

Microalbuminuria in nondiabetic adults: relation of blood pressure, body mass index, plasma cholesterol levels, and smoking: The Gubbio Population Study.

Background: Evidence exists that cardiovascular risk factors influence progression toward end-stage renal failure. We tested the hypothesis that in nondiabetic middle-aged adults without macroalbuminuria, cardiovascular risk factors are related to urinary albumin excretion and prevalence of microalbuminuria, a sign of early nephropathy.

Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of data for 1567 participants in The Gubbio Population Study (677 men and 890 women), aged 45 to 64 years, without macroalbuminuria, without diabetes mellitus, and with fasting plasma glucose levels of less than 7.

Mortality differences between black and white men in the USA: contribution of income and other risk factors among men screened for the MRFIT. MRFIT Research Group. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial.

Background: Studies of underlying differences in adult mortality between black and white individuals in the USA have been constrained by limitations of data or small study size. We investigated the extent to which differences in socioeconomic position between black and white men contribute to differences in all-cause and cause-specific mortality.

Methods: 361,662 men were screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial between 1973 and 1975, in 22 sites.

Baseline sodium-lithium countertransport and 6-year incidence of hypertension. The Gubbio Population Study.

Background: Sodium-lithium countertransport (Na-Li CT) activity is high in persons with hypertension. This study investigated whether high Na-Li CT relates to development of hypertension.

Methods And Results: At the baseline visit of the Gubbio Population Study, 4210 people of the 5376 surveyed were 18 to 74 years old; of these, 1599 were hypertensive (systolic pressure > or = 140 mm Hg, or diastolic pressure > or = 90 mm Hg, or on antihypertensive drug therapy).

Inverse relation of dietary protein markers with blood pressure. Findings for 10,020 men and women in the INTERSALT Study. INTERSALT Cooperative Research Group. INTERnational study of SALT and blood pressure.

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess relations to blood pressure (BP) in individuals of markers of dietary protein in their 24-hour urine collections.

Methods And Results: INTERSALT (INTERnational study of SALT and blood pressure) was a cross-sectional study of 10020 men and women aged 20 to 59 years in 52 population-based samples in 32 countries worldwide, with quality-controlled standardized procedures and assessment of multiple possible confounders. Three measurements of dietary protein in 24-hour urine of each individual participant were studied: total nitrogen and urea as indexes of total protein intake, and sulfate as an index of sulfur-containing dietary amino acids.

Twenty-four hour urinary nitrate excretion in 48 populations from 30 countries: an ECP-INTERSALT collaborative study.

Background: There is considerable interest in the possible role of nitrate in gastric carcinogenesis, but little information on nitrate intake around the world. This is the first study to give comprehensive standardised data on nitrate excretion as a marker of intake, using 48 worldwide population samples.

Methods: Urinary nitrate excretion has been shown to be a valid measure of nitrate intake in people under 50.

Dietary salt, nitrate and stomach cancer mortality in 24 countries. European Cancer Prevention (ECP) and the INTERSALT Cooperative Research Group.

Background: High salt and nitrate intake are considered as risk factors for stomach cancer, but little is known about possible interactions. This ecological study examines the respective importance of both factors for stomach cancer mortality at the population level using data obtained under standardized conditions and with biochemical analyses performed in the same laboratories.

Methods: Randomly selected 24-hour urine samples from 39 populations, sampled from 24 countries (N = 5756 people for sodium, 3303 for nitrate) were obtained from the INTERSALT study.

Sodium-lithium countertransport and blood pressure change over time: the Gubbio study.

Sodium-lithium countertransport activity in red blood cells relates to blood pressure (BP) and the prevalence of hypertension. This study investigated in adults the relation of sodium-lithium (Na-Li) countertransport to BP change from baseline to 6-year follow-up. In the Gubbio Population Study, 4210 men and women were 18 to 74 years old at baseline (1983-1986), and 3766 had a valid baseline Na-Li countertransport measurement; of these, 2729 were reexamined at 6 years of follow-up (1989-1992) and made up the study cohort.

Intersalt revisited: further analyses of 24 hour sodium excretion and blood pressure within and across populations. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group.

Objectives: To assess further the relation in Intersalt of 24 hour urinary sodium to blood pressure of individuals and populations, and the difference in blood pressure from young adulthood into middle age.

Design: Standardised cross sectional study within and across populations.

Setting: 52 population samples in 32 countries.

Socioeconomic differentials in mortality risk among men screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial: II. Black men.

Objectives: This study examined socioeconomic differentials in risk of death from a number of causes in a large cohort of Black men in the United States.

Methods: For 20 224 Black men screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial between 1973 and 1975, data were collected on median family income of Black households in zip code of residence, age, cigarette smoking, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, previous heart attack, and drug treatment for diabetes. The 2937 deaths that occurred over the 16-year follow-up period were grouped into specific causes and related to median Black family income.

Socioeconomic differentials in mortality risk among men screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial: I. White men.

Objectives: This study examined socioeconomic differentials in risk of death from a number of specific causes in a large cohort of White men in the United States.

Methods: For 300 685 White men screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial between 1973 and 1975, data were collected on median income of White households in the zip code of residence, age, cigarette smoking, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, previous myocardial infarction, and drug treatment for diabetes. The 31 737 deaths that occurred over the 16-year follow-up period were grouped into specific causes and related to median White family income.