Changes in the anthocyanin pathway related to phenolic compounds and gene expression in skin and pulp of cv. 'Istrska belica' (Olea europaea L.) during ripening.

The purpose of research was to study in detail the dynamics of the anthocyanin pathway during the ripening of olives, comprising the relative gene expression of nine enzymes and the contents of twelve phenolic compounds. The analyses were conducted on cv. 'Istrska belica' at seven maturity stages, separately in the pulp and the skin.

First report of apple hammerhead viroid infecting apple trees in Montenegro.

Apple hammerhead viroid (AHVd, Pelamoviroid, Avsunviroidae) is one of the five viroids infecting apples. It has been identified on all continents except Australia since its viroid nature was confirmed (DiSerio et al. 2018; CABI and EPPO 2022).

Novel Identification of the Collection of Pathogenic Fungal Species with the Development of Species-Specific SSR Markers.

The genus is a group of ascomycete fungi that includes several pathogenic plant species. In 2011, a new taxonomic classification, proposed by Inderbitzin and coworkers (2011), re-defined the genus as sensu stricto. The objective of our study was the re-classification of the fungal species held in the culture collection in the Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing in accordance with the newly established taxonomy.

Cytosine Methylation in Genomic DNA and Characterization of DNA Methylases and Demethylases and Their Expression Profiles in Viroid-Infected Hop Plants ( Var. 'Celeia').

Abiotic and biotic stresses can lead to changes in host DNA methylation, which in plants is also mediated by an RNA-directed DNA methylation mechanism. Infections with viroids have been shown to affect DNA methylation dynamics in different plant hosts. The aim of our research was to determine the content of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) in genomic DNA at the whole genome level of hop plants ( Var.

Small RNA Sequencing and Multiplex RT-PCR for Diagnostics of Grapevine Viruses and Virus-like Organisms.

Metagenomic approaches used for virus diagnostics allow for rapid and accurate detection of all viral pathogens in the plants. In order to investigate the occurrence of viruses and virus-like organisms infecting grapevine from the Ampelographic collection Kromberk in Slovenia, we used Ion Torrent small RNA sequencing (sRNA-seq) and the VirusDetect pipeline to analyze the sRNA-seq data. The used method revealed the presence of: (GLRaV-1), (GLRaV-2), (GLRaV-3), (GRSPaV), (GFLV) and its satellite RNA (satGFLV), (GFkV), (GRVFV), (GPGV), (GV-Sat), (HSVd), and (GYSVd-1).

Elimination of Eight Viruses and Two Viroids from Preclonal Candidates of Six Grapevine Varieties ( L.) through In Vivo Thermotherapy and In Vitro Meristem Tip Micrografting.

Viruses and virus-like organisms are a major problem in viticulture worldwide. They cannot be controlled by standard plant protection measures, and once infected, plants remain infected throughout their life; therefore, the propagation of healthy vegetative material is crucial. In vivo thermotherapy at 36-38 °C for at least six weeks, followed by meristem tip micrografting (0.

Virome Status of Preclonal Candidates of Grapevine Varieties ( L.) From the Slovenian Wine-Growing Region Primorska as Determined by High-Throughput Sequencing.

Diseases caused by viruses and virus-like organisms are one of the major problems in viticulture and grapevine marketing worldwide. Therefore, rapid and accurate diagnosis and identification is crucial. In this study, we used HTS of virus- and viroid-derived small RNAs to determine the virome status of Slovenian preclonal candidates of autochthonous and local grapevine varieties ( L.

Discovery of microRNA-like Small RNAs in Pathogenic Plant Fungus Using High-Throughput Sequencing and qPCR and RLM-RACE Validation.

() is one of the most problematic hop ( L.) pathogens, as the highly virulent fungal pathotypes cause severe annual yield losses due to infections of entire hop fields. In recent years, the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism has become one of the main areas of focus in plant-fungal pathogen interaction studies and has been implicated as one of the major contributors to fungal pathogenicity.

Identification and Characterization of -Responsive MicroRNAs in the Roots of Resistant and Susceptible Hop Cultivars.

MicroRNAs are 21- to 24-nucleotide-long, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. They can modulate various biological processes, including plant response and resistance to fungal pathogens. Hops are grown for use in the brewing industry and, recently, also for the pharmaceutical industry.

Plant genera Cannabis and Humulus share the same pair of well-differentiated sex chromosomes.

We recently described, in Cannabis sativa, the oldest sex chromosome system documented so far in plants (12-28 Myr old). Based on the estimated age, we predicted that it should be shared by its sister genus Humulus, which is known also to possess XY chromosomes. Here, we used transcriptome sequencing of an F family of H.

Core RNA Interference Genes Involved in miRNA and Ta-siRNA Biogenesis in Hops and Their Expression Analysis after Challenging with .

RNA interference is an evolutionary conserved mechanism by which organisms regulate the expression of genes in a sequence-specific manner to modulate defense responses against various abiotic or biotic stresses. Hops are grown for their use in brewing and, in recent years, for the pharmaceutical industry. Hop production is threatened by many phytopathogens, of which , the causal agent of Verticillium wilt, is a major contributor to yield losses.

Genetic Structure and Core Collection of Olive Germplasm from Albania Revealed by Microsatellite Markers.

Olive is considered one of the oldest and the most important cultivated fruit trees in Albania. In the present study, the genetic diversity and structure of Albanian olive germplasm is represented by a set of 194 olive genotypes collected in-situ in their natural ecosystems and in the ex-situ collection. The study was conducted using 26 microsatellite markers (14 genomic SSR and 12 Expressed Sequence Tag microsatellites).

Population genetic analysis in old Montenegrin vineyards reveals ancient ways currently active to generate diversity in Vitis vinifera.

Global viticulture has evolved following market trends, causing loss of cultivar diversity and traditional practices. In Montenegro, modern viticulture co-exists with a traditional viticulture that still maintains ancient practices and exploits local cultivars. As a result, this region provides a unique opportunity to explore processes increasing genetic diversity.

The Potential of HTS Approaches for Accurate Genotyping in Grapevine ( L.).

The main challenge associated with genotyping based on conventional length polymorphisms is the cross-laboratory standardization of allele sizes. This step requires the inclusion of standards and manual sizing to avoid false results. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) approaches limit the information to the length polymorphism and do not allow the determination of a complete marker sequence.

Changes in the Phenolic Compounds of Hop ( L.) Induced by Infection with , the Causal Agent of Hop Wilt.

Phenolic compounds are involved in plant responses to various biotic and abiotic stress factors, with many studies suggesting their role in defense mechanisms against fungal pathogens. Soilborne vascular pathogen causes severe wilting and consequent dieback in a wide range of economically important crops, including hops ( L.).

Proposal of a New Hybrid Breeding Method Based on Genotyping, Inter-Pollination, Phenotyping and Paternity Testing of Selected Elite F Hybrids.

Testing inbred lines for their combining ability is, due to high numbers of line to line testing needed for determination of hybrid performance, the most limiting factor in the F hybrid breeding procedure. We propose a novel method of F hybrid breeding that enables evaluation of large number of line to line crosses for their hybrid performance. Inbred lines (preferably doubled haploid - DH) are produced from heterozygous populations, genotyped and maintained.

Confirming infection of hop plants inoculated with .

Hop ( L.) is grown mostly as flavouring and bittering ingredient for beer and is also appreciated in the herbal and cosmetic industry, as well as in pharmacology. Among several diseases that damage hop growing, the most devastating in European hop production is verticillium wilt, caused by the soil-borne fungal pathogen .

Temporal and spatial assessment of defence responses in resistant and susceptible hop cultivars during infection with Verticillium nonalfalfae.

Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is an important industrial plant providing ingredients for brewing and pharmaceutical industry worldwide. Its intensive production is challenged by numerous diseases.

Evaluation of Disease Severity and Global Transcriptome Response Induced by , , and Their Co-Infection in Hop ( L.).

Viroids are small non-capsidated, single-stranded, covalently-closed circular noncoding RNA replicons of 239-401 nucleotides that exploit host factors for their replication, and some cause disease in several economically important crop plants, while others appear to be benign. The proposed mechanisms of viroid pathogenesis include direct interaction of the genomic viroid RNA with host factors and post-transcriptional or transcriptional gene silencing via viroid-derived small RNAs (vd-sRNAs) generated by the host defensive machinery. (hop) plants are hosts to several viroids among which (HLVd) and (CBCVd) are attractive model systems for the study of viroid-host interactions due to the symptomless infection of the former and severe symptoms induced by the latter in this indicator host.

RNA interference core components identified and characterised in Verticillium nonalfalfae, a vascular wilt pathogenic plant fungi of hops.

The conserved RNA interference mechanism (RNAi) in the fungal kingdom has become a focus of intense scientific investigation. The three catalytic core components, Dicer-like (DCL), Argonaute (AGO), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), and their associated small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) have been identified and characterised in several fungal species. Recent studies have proposed that RNAi is a major contributor to the virulence of fungal pathogens as a result of so-called trans-kingdom RNA silencing.

Development of hop transcriptome to support research into host-viroid interactions.

Viroids, the smallest known pathogens, unable to encode any proteins, can cause severe diseases in their host plants. One of the proposed mechanisms of their pathogenicity includes silencing the host's genes via viroid-derived small RNAs, which are products of the host's immune response to the viroid's double stranded RNA. Humulus lupulus (hop) plants are hosts to several viroids; two of them, HLVd and CBCVd, are interesting models for studying host-viroid interactions, due to the symptomless infection of the former and severe stunting disease caused by the latter.

Comparative transcriptional analysis of hop responses to infection with Verticillium nonalfalfae.

Dynamic transcriptome profiling revealed excessive, yet ineffective, immune response to V. nonalfalfae infection in susceptible hop, global gene downregulation in shoots of resistant hop and only a few infection-associated genes in roots. Hop (Humulus lupulus L.