Heterogeneity of PD-L1 Expression and Relationship with Biology of NSCLC.

Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies against programmed cell death (PD-1), such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab, has significantly improved the survival of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In order to determine the subset of patients that can benefit most from these therapies, biomarkers such as programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) have been proposed. However, the predictive and prognostic role of the use of PD-L1 is controversial.

Multimodality treatment of brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma in the era of targeted therapy.

In patients with renal cancer, brain metastasis is associated with poor survival and high morbidity. Poor life expectancy is often associated with widespread extracranial metastases. In such patients, a multidisciplinary approach is paramount.