Seasonality of influenza and coseasonality with avian influenza in Bangladesh, 2010-19: a retrospective, time-series analysis.

Background: Seasonal and avian influenza viruses circulate among human and poultry populations in Bangladesh. However, the epidemiology of influenza is not well defined in this setting. We aimed to characterise influenza seasonality, examine regional heterogeneity in transmission, and evaluate coseasonality between circulating influenza viruses in Bangladesh.

Limitations of using administratively reported immunization data for monitoring routine immunization system performance in Nigeria.

Background: Efforts are underway to strengthen Nigeria's routine immunization system, yet measuring impact poses a challenge. We document limitations in using administrative data from 12 states in Nigeria and explore alternative approaches.

Methods: We compared state-reported coverage with the third dose of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP3) to district-reported coverage and data from coverage surveys conducted during 2006-2013.

Epidemic cholera in a crowded urban environment, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

We conducted a case-control study to investigate factors associated with epidemic cholera. Water treatment and handwashing may have been protective, highlighting the need for personal hygiene for cholera prevention in contaminated urban environments. We also found a diverse diet, a possible proxy for improved nutrition, was protective against cholera.