Non-typhoidal in humans in India, Vietnam, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka: a systematic review.

Objectives: Non-typhoidal (NTS) commonly causes a self-limiting illness but invasive disease (iNTS) can be life-threatening. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) increases the risk of mortality. This systematic review aimed to estimate the proportion of NTS isolated in those attending healthcare services, serovar burden, AMR, serovar-specific AMR, and case fatality rate (CFR) in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Vietnam.

Carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility of commensal Neisseria species from the human oropharynx.

Commensal Neisseria (Nc) mainly occupy the oropharynx of humans and animals. These organisms do not typically cause disease; however, they can act as a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance genes that can be acquired by pathogenic Neisseria species. This study characterised the carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Nc from the oropharynx of 50 participants.

Characterisation of strain differences in patients with multisite infection.

Background: , the aetiological agent of gonorrhoea, is an increasing global health priority due to high levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It is estimated that up to 42% of patients are infected at multiple anatomical sites simultaneously. Previous studies identified that 7%-40% of those with multisite infection have different strains infecting different sites, with potentially different antimicrobial susceptibility profiles.

Genome Sequences of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Recovered from Mid-Stream Urine Samples in Accra, Ghana.

, a member of the commensal intestinal microbiota, is a significant aetiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and has a propensity for acquiring multidrug resistance characteristics, such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). Despite the increase in the incidence of ESBL-producing infections in sub-Saharan Africa, routine ESBL detection in Ghana is often absent, and molecular data on ESBL genotypes is scarce. Eleven ESBL-producing recovered from mid-stream urine samples were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequence analyses.

Long-term oral antibiotic use in people with acne vulgaris in UK primary care: a drug utilization study.

Background: The inappropriate use of antibiotics is understood to contribute to antimicrobial resistance. Oral antibiotics are regularly used to treat moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris. In practice, we do not know the typical length of oral antibiotic treatment courses for acne in routine primary care and what proportion of people receive more than one course of treatment following a new acne diagnosis.

Acinetobacter nosocomialis Causes as Severe Disease as Acinetobacter baumannii in Northeast Thailand: Underestimated Role of A. nosocomialis in Infection.

Infections by Acinetobacter species are recognized as a serious global threat due to causing severe disease and their high levels of antibiotic resistance. Acinetobacter baumannii is the most prevalent pathogen in the genus, but infection by Acinetobacter nosocomialis has been reported widely. Diagnosis of patients with A.

Strain Specific Variations in Complement Sensitivity.

The complement system is required for innate immunity against , an important cause of antibiotic resistant systemic infections. strains differ in their susceptibility to the membrane attack complex (MAC) formed from terminal complement pathway proteins, but the reasons for this variation remain poorly understood. We have characterized in detail the complement sensitivity phenotypes of nine clinical strains and some of the factors that might influence differences between strains.

Epidemiological Prevalence of Phenotypical Resistances and Mobilised Colistin Resistance in Avian Commensal and Pathogenic from Denmark, France, The Netherlands, and the UK.

Colistin has been used for the treatment of non-invasive gastrointestinal infections caused by avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC). The discovery of mobilised colistin resistance (mcr) in E.

β-Lactam-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Dynamics Following Treatment: A Dose-Response Meta-analysis.

Background: Patient exposure to antibiotics promotes the emergence of drug-resistant pathogens. The aim of this study was to identify whether the temporal dynamics of resistance emergence at the individual-patient level were predictable for specific pathogen-drug classes.

Methods: Following a systematic review, a novel robust error meta-regression method for dose-response meta-analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for carrying resistant bacteria during and following treatment compared to baseline.

Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance in Non-typhoidal Collected From Pork Retail Outlets and Slaughterhouses in Vietnam Using Whole Genome Sequencing.

Non-typhoidal (TS) remains a significant health burden worldwide. In Vietnam, pork accounts for 70% of the total meat consumed, and contamination with is high. High levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have emerged among porcine NTS and of particular concern is the emergence of colistin resistance, a "last defense" antibioic against multi-drug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogens.

The complete chloroplast genome of the threatened Napa False Indigo var. Jeps. 1925 (Fabaceae) from Northern California, USA.

var. Jeps. 1925, the Napa false indigo, is a threatened shrub endemic to northern California.

Impact of azithromycin mass drug administration on the antibiotic-resistant gut microbiome in children: a randomized, controlled trial.

Background: Mass drug administration (MDA) with azithromycin is the primary strategy for global trachoma control efforts. Numerous studies have reported secondary effects of MDA with azithromycin, including reductions in childhood mortality, diarrhoeal disease and malaria. Most recently, the MORDOR clinical trial demonstrated that MDA led to an overall reduction in all-cause childhood mortality in targeted communities.

MdaB and NfrA, Two Novel Reductases Important in the Survival and Persistence of the Major Enteropathogen Campylobacter jejuni.

The paralogues RrpA and RrpB, which are members of the MarR family of DNA binding proteins, are important for the survival of the global bacterial foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni under redox stress. We report that RrpA is a positive regulator of , encoding a flavin-dependent quinone reductase that contributes to the protection from redox stress mediated by structurally diverse quinones, while RrpB negatively regulates the expression of (renamed for NADPH-flavin reductase A), encoding a flavin reductase. NfrA reduces riboflavin at a greater rate than its derivatives, suggesting that exogenous free flavins are the natural substrate.

Sequential Vaccination With Heterologous Strains Induces Broadly Reactive Antibody Responses.

Antibody therapy may be an alternative treatment option for infections caused by the multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterium As has multiple capsular serotypes, a universal antibody therapy would need to target conserved protein antigens rather than the capsular polysaccharides. We have immunized mice with single or multiple strains to induce antibody responses to protein antigens, and then assessed whether these responses provide cross-protection against a collection of genetically diverse clinical isolates. Immunized mice developed antibody responses to multiple protein antigens.

The association between antimicrobial resistance and HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: People living with HIV (PLWH) are at increased risk of infections with resistant organisms due to more frequent healthcare utilization. Our objective was to investigate the association between HIV and antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, LILACS and African Journals Online.

Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-negative bacteria from Urinary Specimens: a study of prevalence, risk factors and molecular mechanisms of resistance (ARGUS) in Zimbabwe - a study protocol.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is compromising our ability to successfully treat infections. There are few data on gram-negative AMR prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa especially from the outpatient setting. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of and underlying molecular mechanisms for AMR in gram-negative bacilli causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Zimbabwe.

Is there an association between long-term antibiotics for acne and subsequent infection sequelae and antimicrobial resistance? A systematic review protocol.

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health emergency. Acne vulgaris is a highly prevalent condition and the dominant role antibiotics play in its treatment is a major concern. Antibiotics are widely used in the treatment of acne predominantly for their anti-inflammatory effect, hence their use in acne may not be optimal.

Discordant bioinformatic predictions of antimicrobial resistance from whole-genome sequencing data of bacterial isolates: an inter-laboratory study.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a threat to public health. Clinical microbiology laboratories typically rely on culturing bacteria for antimicrobial-susceptibility testing (AST). As the implementation costs and technical barriers fall, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has emerged as a 'one-stop' test for epidemiological and predictive AST results.

Ethnically diverse urban transmission networks of without evidence of HIV serosorting.

Objective: We aimed to characterise gonorrhoea transmission patterns in a diverse urban population by linking genomic, epidemiological and antimicrobial susceptibility data.

Methods: isolates from patients attending sexual health clinics at Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK, during an 11-month period underwent whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. We combined laboratory and patient data to investigate the transmission network structure.

Genome-wide assessment of antimicrobial tolerance in under ciprofloxacin stress.

is a Gram-negative bacterium capable of causing gastrointestinal infection and is closely related to the highly virulent plague bacillus . Infections by both species are currently treatable with antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, a quinolone-class drug of major clinical importance in the treatment of many other infections. Our current understanding of the mechanism of action of ciprofloxacin is that it inhibits DNA replication by targeting DNA gyrase, and that resistance is primarily due to mutation of this target site, along with generic efflux and detoxification strategies.

The recent emergence of a highly related virulent Clostridium difficile clade with unique characteristics.

Objectives: Clostridium difficile is a major global human pathogen divided into five clades, of which clade 3 is the least characterized and consists predominantly of PCR ribotype (RT) 023 strains. Our aim was to analyse and characterize this clade.

Methods: In this cohort study the clinical presentation of C.