subsp. Candidate Vaccine Strains Are Pro-apoptotic in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophages.

subsp. (MAP) is the etiological agent of Johne's disease, a severe gastroenteritis of ruminants. This study developed a model cell culture system to rapidly screen MAP mutants with vaccine potential for apoptosis.

Stage of infection with subsp. impacts expression of Rab5, Rab7, and CYP27B1 in macrophages within the ileum of naturally infected cows.

Introduction: Macrophages are the preferential target of (MAP), the etiologic agent of ruminant paratuberculosis. Uptake of pathogens by intestinal macrophages results in their trafficking through endosomal compartments, ultimately leading to fusion with an acidic lysosome to destroy the pathogen. MAP possesses virulence factors which disrupt these endosomal pathways.

Improved DNA Amplification of the Hallmark IS Element in subsp. : a Reexamination Based on Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis.

Amplification of the IS multicopy element is a hallmark nucleic acid-based diagnostic test for Mycobacterium avium subsp. , which causes Johne's disease in ruminants. This assay is frequently used to determine the presence of the bacterium in feces of infected cattle and sheep.

Comparison of methods to isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle blood.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are critical for assessment of host immune responses to infectious disease. The isolation of PBMCs from whole blood is a laborious process involving density gradients and multiple centrifugation steps. In the present study we compared a more traditional method of PBMC isolation used in our laboratory to two novel methods of cell isolation for efficiency, cell viability, and enumeration of cell subsets.

B cell phenotypes and maturation states in cows naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis.

Little is known about the role that B cells play in immune responses to infection with the intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Traditionally, the role of B cells has been constrained to their function as antibody-producing cells, however, antibodies are not thought to play a protective role in mycobacterial infections.

Vitamin D alters macrophage phenotype and endosomal trafficking markers in dairy cattle naturally infected with subsp. .

Macrophages are important host defense cells in ruminant paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease; JD), a chronic enteritis caused by subsp. (MAP). Classical macrophage functions of pathogen trafficking, degradation, and antigen presentation are interrupted in mycobacterial infection.

Bovine Immunity and Vitamin D: An Emerging Association in Johne's Disease.

subspecies (MAP) is an environmentally hardy pathogen of ruminants that plagues the dairy industry. Hallmark clinical symptoms include granulomatous enteritis, watery diarrhea, and significant loss of body condition. Transition from subclinical to clinical infection is a dynamic process led by MAP which resides in host macrophages.

Immunological Evaluation of Goats Immunized with a Commercial Vaccine against Johne's Disease.

Johne's disease affects ruminants causing an economic burden to dairy, meat and wool industries. Vaccination against subspecies (), which causes Johne's disease, is a primary intervention for disease control in livestock. Previously, a comprehensive, multi-institutional vaccine trial for Johne's disease was conducted to test the efficacy of live attenuated strains.

Corrigendum: Exogenous Vitamin D Modulates Response of Bovine Macrophages to subsp. Infection and Is Dependent Upon Stage of Johne's Disease.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.

Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D on PBMCs From Dairy Cattle Naturally Infected With subsp. .

The role of vitamin D in modulating immune responses has been well-established for over two decades; however, its specific functions have not been extensively detailed in cattle, particularly cattle in different stages of infection with subspecies (MAP). Consistent with previous work in our lab, the present study showed that infected cattle in the clinical stage of disease have reduced serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. Additionally, effects of vitamin D on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from naturally infected dairy cattle in subclinical ( = 8) or clinical ( = 8) stages of infection were compared to non-infected control cows ( = 8).

Exogenous Vitamin D Modulates Response of Bovine Macrophages to subsp. Infection and Is Dependent Upon Stage of Johne's Disease.

subspecies (MAP), the causative agent of ruminant enteritis, targets intestinal macrophages. During infection, macrophages contribute to mucosal inflammation and development of granulomas in the small intestine which worsens as disease progression occurs. Vitamin D is an immunomodulatory steroid hormone with beneficial roles in host-pathogen interactions.

Comparative cellular immune responses in calves after infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, M. avium subsp. avium, M. kansasii and M. bovis.

In the present study, calves were infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (M.

Reduced tissue colonization of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in neonatal calves vaccinated with a cocktail of recombinant proteins.

An increasing prevalence of paratuberculosis supports the need for new efficacious vaccines as an essential management tool. Two separate studies were performed in neonatal calves to evaluate the effectiveness of pooled recombinant Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) proteins (MAP1087, MAP1204, MAP1272c, MAP2077c) as a potential vaccine.

Comparison of a mycobacterial phage assay to detect viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis with standard diagnostic modalities in cattle with naturally infected Johne disease.

Background: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the cause of Johne disease, is a slow growing mycobacterium. Viable MAP detection is difficult, inconstant and time-consuming. The purpose of this study was to compare a rapid phage/qPCR assay performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with three standard methods of MAP detection: fecal MAP PCR; plasma antigen-specific IFN-γ & serum MAP ELISA hypothesizing that, if sensitive and specific, Johne animals would be positive and Control animals negative.

Prediction of Johne's disease state based on quantification of T cell markers and their interaction with macrophages in the bovine intestine.

Cell-mediated immune responses to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) are regulated by various types of T lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to quantitate T cell subsets in the mid-ileum of cows naturally infected with MAP to identify differences during different stages of infection, and to determine whether these subsets could be used as predictors of disease state.

Electrochemical Detection of Serum Antibodies Against Subspecies .

subsp. (MAP) causes a chronic inflammatory intestinal disease, called Johne's disease (JD) in many ruminants. In the dairy industry, JD is responsible for significant economic losses due to decreased milk production and premature culling of infected animals.

Diagnostic Sequences That Distinguish Subspecies Strains.

Over a decade ago subspecies () specific genes were initially identified in a whole genome context by comparing draft genome sequences of strain K-10 with subspecies () strain 104. This resulted in identification of 32 specific genes, not including repetitive elements, based on the two-genome comparison. The goal of this study was to define a more complete catalog of subspecies-specific genes.

Bovine NK-lysin-derived peptides have bactericidal effects against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.

Infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is complex, but little is known about the role that natural killer (NK) cells play. In the present study, four bovine NK-lysin peptides were synthesized to evaluate their bactericidal activity against MAP. The results demonstrated that bNK-lysin peptides were directly bactericidal against MAP, with bNK1 and bNK2A being more potent than bNK2B and bNK2C.

An eco-friendly decontaminant to kill Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.

Mycobacteria are difficult to kill due to the complexity of their cell wall. Further, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) has one of the more elaborate cell wall compositions of all the mycobacteria.

Comparison of Sheep, Goats, and Calves as Infection Models for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.

Animal infection models to study Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection are useful for evaluating the efficacy of vaccines and other therapeutics for the prevention or treatment of infection. The goal of the present study was to compare smaller ruminants, sheep and goats, with calves as infection models.

Influence of Colostrum and Vitamins A, D, and E on Early Intestinal Colonization of Neonatal Holstein Calves Infected with subsp. .

Exposure of neonates to subsp. (MAP) via infected dams is the primary mode of transmission of Johne's disease. Little is known about the impacts of feeding colostrum and supplemental vitamins on the gut microbiome in calves exposed to MAP.

Characterization of Ethanol Extracted Cell Wall Components of Subsp. .

Antigens extracted using ethanol (EtOH) and incorporated in the EtOH vortex ELISA (EVELISA) test have previously shown high specificity and sensitivity for detecting subspecies () and infections in cattle. The objective of this study is to define the components present in the EtOH extract. We show that this extract is composed of lipid, carbohydrate, and proteins on the surface of the bacilli, and that EtOH removes the outer layer structure of which comprise these elements.

Divergent Antigen-Specific Cellular Immune Responses during Asymptomatic Subclinical and Clinical States of Disease in Cows Naturally Infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. .

Infection of the host with subsp. results in chronic and progressive enteritis that traverses both subclinical and clinical stages. The mechanism(s) for the shift from an asymptomatic subclinical disease state to advanced clinical disease is not fully understood.

Phenotypes of macrophages present in the intestine are impacted by stage of disease in cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.

Macrophages play an important role in the host immune response to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection, however, MAP is able to disrupt normal macrophage functions to avoid destruction. It is unclear whether the phenotypes of macrophages present in the target tissue play a role in the inability to clear MAP infection.

Quantification of Macrophages and in Bovine Intestinal Tissue During Different Stages of Johne's Disease.

Johne's disease is an enteric disease caused by the intracellular pathogen (MAP). Upon ingestion of MAP, it is translocated across the intestinal epithelium and may be killed by intestinal macrophages, or depending on the bacterial burden and immunological status of the animal, MAP may thwart innate defense mechanisms and persist within the macrophage. This study aimed to determine the numbers of macrophages and MAP present in bovine midileal tissue during different stages of infection.