Effects of immune checkpoint inhibitor associated endocrinopathies on cancer survival.

Objectives: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs), of which endocrinopathies are common. We characterized endocrine and non-endocrine irAEs in cancer patients receiving ICIs, identified risk factors for their development and established whether endocrine and non-endocrine irAEs were differentially associated with improved cancer prognosis.

Design And Methods: Single-center, retrospective cohort study of patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors receiving at least one ICI treatment cycle (242 men, 151 women, median age 65 years).

Kisspeptin-neuron control of LH pulsatility and ovulation.

Feedback from oestradiol (E2) plays a critical role in the regulation of major events in the physiological menstrual cycle including the release of gonadotrophins to stimulate follicular growth, and the mid-cycle luteinising hormone (LH) surge that leads to ovulation. E2 predominantly exerts its action oestrogen receptor-alpha (ERα), however, as gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons lack ERα, E2-feedback is posited to be indirectly mediated upstream neurons. Kisspeptin (KP) is a neuropeptide expressed in hypothalamic KP-neurons that control GnRH secretion and plays a key role in the central mechanism regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis.